Preface

Sarcoidosis is a multi-organ, granulomatous disease the etiology of which remains unknown; it is characterized by T-cell dysfunction and B-cell hyperactivity with increased local immune activity and inflammation that leads to the formation of noncaseating granulomas in the organs involved. The lung and lymphatic system are the most commonly affected organs, however, virtually any organ may be affected. Other common sites of involvement include the skin, eye, central nervous system, and the heart. Patients may present different symptoms related to the disease stage and the specific organ involved.

Sarcoidosis is a global disease, and its prevalence has increased twofold over the past years. Due to the clinical heterogeneity and variable diagnostic criteria in different countries, it is difficult to calculate the exact prevalence and incidence of sarcoidosis. Age, sex, race, and geographic origin significantly influence the incidence of sarcoidosis. The book at hand is an international text on sarcoidosis. It is the fruition of specialists from several countries. The chapters presented herein are written by experts in this field. The book is organized in a logical manner starting with an introductory chapter, followed by diagnostic techniques, imaging, differential diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and then involvement of specific organs, followed by granulomatous diseases mimicking sarcoidosis.

I would like to take the opportunity to thank all my national and international colleagues who helped me compile the chapters necessary for this book. I sincerely hope that it will be of use to all clinicians involved in the treatment of this mysterious disease.

**II**

**Chapter 10 147**

**Chapter 11 155**

Sarcoid Involvement of the Mammary Gland *by Patricia López Arribas, Elena Martínez Gómez* 

Granulomatous Diseases Mimicking Sarcoidosis

*and Álvaro Zapico Goñi*

*by Angel Robles-Marhuenda*

**Mohammad Hosein K. Motamedi, DDS** Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, BMSU, IAUMS, TUMS Trauma and Craniomaxillofacial Research Centers, Tehran, Iran

**1**

**Chapter 1**

**1. Introduction**

**2. Types**

**2.1 Head and neck sarcoidosis**

**2.2 Orofacial sarcoidosis**

**2.3 Orofacial granulomatosis**

Granulomatosis

*Sharareh Kamfar, Taghi Azizi and* 

*Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi*

and definitive diagnostic criteria is lacking remains challenging [3].

has been found in 10–15% of patients with systemic disease [7].

Introductory Chapter: Orofacial

Sarcoidosis is a multi-organ, granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by T-cell dysfunction and B-cell hyperactivity with increased local immune activity and inflammation that leads to the formation of noncaseating granulomas in the organs involved [1]. The lung and lymphatic system are the most commonly affected organs, but virtually any organ may be affected [2]. Other common sites of involvement include the skin, eye, central nervous system (CNS), and the heart [3]. Patients may present with different symptoms related to the disease stage and the specific organ involved [4]. Sarcoidosis is a global disease, and its prevalence has increased twofold over the past years [5]. Due to the clinical heterogeneity and variable diagnostic criteria in different countries, it is difficult to calculate the exact prevalence and incidence of sarcoidosis. Age, sex, race, and geographic origin significantly influence the incidence rate of sarcoidosis [6]. A definite diagnosis of the disease when an identifiable etiology

This may occur in combination with, or independent of, CNS sarcoidosis; this

Although orofacial presentations of sarcoidosis are uncommon, it is important because of the fact that sarcoidosis in the orofacial region may indicate the development of systemic involvement [4]. Generally, in the case of orofacial sarcoidosis, swelling of the salivary glands is observed. Xerostomia may or may not be present; and bilateral enlargement of the parotid glands may be affected in 4–6% of the cases [8].

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG), defined by Wiesenfeld in 1985, encompasses conditions characterized by non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of soft

Sarcoidosis and Noncaseating
