*3.2.4 Genital causes of men*

Factors that cause infertility in men are less than in women. Male infertility factors are abnormal spermatogenesis, abnormal motility, anatomical disorders, endocrine disorders, and sexual dysfunction. Anatomical abnormalities are probably caused by congenital absence of vas deferens, vas deferens obstruction, and abnormalities of the ejaculatory system. Abnormal spermatogenesis may develop due to mumps orchid, chromosomal abnormalities, cryptorchidism, chemical or radiation exposure, and varicocele [12]. Excessive temperature exposure, severe allergic reaction, exposure to radiation and environmental toxins, high amounts of narcotic drugs, and alcohol and drug use significantly affect sperm quality and number [30]. Immunity can play a role in some infertility. Antisperm antibodies were found in 72% of infertile couples in males and in 13% of females. It has been suggested that all antibodies against sperm may play a role in infertility by inhibiting sperm cervical mucus penetration by reducing sperm motility in the female genital tract by causing agglutination, immobilization, or opsonization [26, 31].
