**4. Assisted reproduction techniques**

Assisted reproductive techniques are a general concept and include many methods. Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are the names given to procedures performed following ovarian oocyte retrieval [9, 37, 38].

#### **4.1 Intrauterine insemination (artificial insemination, IUI)**

 The insertion of spermatozoa into the genital tract without coitus is called insemination. If the cervix is placed, that is, if cervical insemination is placed into the uterus cavity, it is called intrauterine insemination; and if placed in a peritoneal cavity, it is called peritoneal insemination. Insemination with sperm taken from a woman's wife is called homologous insemination, whereas insemination with sperm taken from another man is called insemination. There is no donor insemination (DI) in our country according to the law. The success rate for intrauterine insemination (IUI) is 10–15% [24, 39].

#### **4.2 In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET)**

The oocyte matured with a needle guided by laparoscopy or transcervical ultrasonography is aspirated from the ovary. Spermatozoids from the man are placed in tissue culture in the laboratory. After fertilization has occurred, the ovum is placed in the uterus of the embryo at the morula stage (4–16 cell stage) [1, 12, 24, 36, 40]. The optimal period for transfer is 48–72 h after insemination [2].

#### **4.3 Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)**

The basic principle in the gamete intrafallopian transfer method is that eggs were developed by controlled hyperthermia and aspirated and put into the tuba ampulla with the sperm. In order to apply GIFT, it is necessary and sufficient that at least one tubane detected by permeability hysterosalpingography is open. The success rate in GIFT is 20–30% [3, 24, 39, 41]. Gamete intrafallopian transfer has the advantage over the IVF method; the reason for the application of the method under laparoscopy is that the 2-day laboratorial incubation period and the embryo's placement into the uterine cavity have been eliminated. The disadvantage of the method

is the individual must have to work fast during anesthesia and the application of the laboratory's method [26, 39].
