**2. Methodology**

#### **2.1. Subjects**

About 116 young healthy men and women at 18–26 years old were invited to participate in the study, embodying 95 females and 21 males. Through the relevant literature, we selected 13 human data as observations. **Table 1** shows the 13 basic dimensions and body mass index (BMI) of the 116 subjects, while **Table 2** demonstrates the experimental data on metabolic rate of 116 subjects.

#### **2.2. Testing equipments**

Voxelan (Hamano Engineering Co. Ltd. Japan) 8CCD 3D scanner obtained regional images through a camera and obtained relevant body data by converting the images into spatial points with a model software. Anthroscan (Scanworx) 3D image data processing software was used to purify, smooth, and triangular mesh reconstruct the scanning images to generate closed human body automatically, to extract human body size precisely and measure the size of human body interactively, including distance, circumference and angle. Therefore, it can extract the section image of the human body and analyze it arbitrarily. MetaMax 3B sports cardiopulmonary telemetry tester, a series of German CORTEX product, can collect

gas metabolism parameters during exercising and breathing, such as VO2, VCO2, respiratory rate, heart rate, respiratory exchange rate, ventilation volume, and environmental tempera-

) 30.2 16.2 20.2

**Parameter Max Min Means** Oxygen uptake (L/min) 0.326 0.127 0.228 Carbon dioxide output (L/min) 0.269 0.107 0.191 Respiratory quotient (%) 1.070 0.62 0.838 Heart rate (bpm) 111.000 57.000 77.731 Measured basal metabolic rate (%) 2260.000 902.000 1595.999 Predicted basal metabolic rate (%) 2070.000 1359.000 1549.148 Lipid oxidation rate (%) 84.000 0.000 43.426

**Testing items Max Min Mean** Body height (cm) 176.0 152.0 162.2 Weight (kg) 82.2 40.3 54.6 Bust girth (horizontal) (cm) 119.0 78.0 87.9 Waist girth (cm) 115.9 60.5 71.7 Buttock girth (cm) 118.1 81.1 92.8 Maximum belly circumference (cm) 123.3 64.9 79.2 Mid-neck girth (cm) 38.6 28.3 32.8 Thigh girth (right) (cm) 64.5 43.8 52.3 Across shoulder (cm) 49.3 37.0 41.8 Bust height (cm) 128.4 102.2 117.0 Waist height (cm) 109.8 87.5 101.0 Neck height (cm) 150.8 122.1 138.2 Buttock height (cm) 89.2 69.4 80.5

Relationship between Human Body Anthropometric Measurements and Basal Metabolic Rate

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79025

61

This experiment was conducted in an artificial climate chamber (temperature, 25 ± 2°C; humidity, 50 ± 2%). All subjects were required to wear sportswear, of whom the female shall

ture and atmospheric pressure.

**Table 2.** Experimental data on metabolic rate of 116 subjects.

**Table 1.** Body size and BMI index of 116 subjects.

**2.3. Experimental protocol**

BMI (kg/m2


**Table 1.** Body size and BMI index of 116 subjects.

**1.4. Calculation method of basal metabolic rate**

60 Body-mass Index and Health

In 1894, Rubner argued that the basal metabolic rate is relatively constant when represented by per body surface area, which is significantly associated with body weight and height [13].

In the equation, P represents the total body heat production in the state of rest, and its unit is kcal/day; m is the weight, and its unit is kg; h is the height, and its unit is cm; a is the age, and its unit is year. However, the maximum value of energy consumption calculated by such classic equation is hugely different from that calculated by the domestic calculation method in Chia (same gender, height, weight, and age), with the former significantly higher than the latter [15]. In 1928, Paul H. Stevenson published the findings of body surface area of Chinese in the Chinese Journal of Physiology [16]. With changes in the body of the Chinese people, their weight and height have also changed obviously. Songshan Zhao further explored the body of Chinese in 1983, and progress has been made in the correlation among human body surface area, weight, and height [16]. And the formula that can reasonably reflect the body

About 116 young healthy men and women at 18–26 years old were invited to participate in the study, embodying 95 females and 21 males. Through the relevant literature, we selected 13 human data as observations. **Table 1** shows the 13 basic dimensions and body mass index (BMI) of the 116 subjects, while **Table 2** demonstrates the experimental data on metabolic rate

Voxelan (Hamano Engineering Co. Ltd. Japan) 8CCD 3D scanner obtained regional images through a camera and obtained relevant body data by converting the images into spatial points with a model software. Anthroscan (Scanworx) 3D image data processing software was used to purify, smooth, and triangular mesh reconstruct the scanning images to generate closed human body automatically, to extract human body size precisely and measure the size of human body interactively, including distance, circumference and angle. Therefore, it can extract the section image of the human body and analyze it arbitrarily. MetaMax 3B sports cardiopulmonary telemetry tester, a series of German CORTEX product, can collect

), H the height (cm), and M the weight (kg).

Harris-Benedict established the initial equation of basal metabolic rate in 1919 [14]:

Male: P = 13.7516 m/1 kg + 5.0033 h/1 cm−6 × 7550a/1 year + 66.473

surface area of adults in China so far has been obtained:

A = 0.00659H + 0.0126 W−0.1603 [16]

**2. Methodology**

**2.1. Subjects**

of 116 subjects.

**2.2. Testing equipments**

A represents the body surface area (m2

Female: P = 9.5634 m/1 kg + 1.8496 h/1 cm−4 × 6756a/1 year + 655.0955


**Table 2.** Experimental data on metabolic rate of 116 subjects.

gas metabolism parameters during exercising and breathing, such as VO2, VCO2, respiratory rate, heart rate, respiratory exchange rate, ventilation volume, and environmental temperature and atmospheric pressure.

#### **2.3. Experimental protocol**

This experiment was conducted in an artificial climate chamber (temperature, 25 ± 2°C; humidity, 50 ± 2%). All subjects were required to wear sportswear, of whom the female shall put on the special underwear with gym short while the male shall wear the sport short only. Before starting the experiment, subjects were expected to fill in the basic personal information, such as age, gender, weight, and so on. When taking 3D body scanning, the subjects erectly stood on the scanner platform and spread feet 15 cm with arms lifting outward and smooth breathing. Scanning will be completed within 5–10 s. After that the body fat composition of the subjects would be measured. Besides, while taking the metabolic test, subjects sat in a quiet room with physical relaxation. The testing time varies from person to person, and about 15 min is required for most subjects.

**3. Results and discussion**

− 0.044 × buttock height − 0.037 × bust height.

**3.2. Factors and predicted basal metabolic rate**

**Table 3.** Kmo and Bartlett's test.

0.196 × neck height + 0.198 × buttock height + 0.200 × bust height.

Factor analysis was carried out to analyze the maximum abdominal circumference, waist circumference, chest circumference (horizontal), right thigh circumference, hip circumference, weight, total shoulder width, mid-neck girth, height, waist height, cervical height, hip height,

Relationship between Human Body Anthropometric Measurements and Basal Metabolic Rate

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79025

63

The KMO value is greater than 0.05 and close to 1, sig. = 0.000 < 0.05, so the 13 observed items are suitable for factor analysis (**Table 3**). After preliminary analysis, it was found that the basal metabolic rate was not significantly related to gender, and therefore, 13 representative sizes of the subjects were analyzed. For **Table 4** reveals high communality of each factor, the extracted components can be well described by these variables. Meanwhile, in the light of **Table 5**, the eigenvalues of the first two factors are 6.985 and 3.833, respectively, accounting for 83.596% of the total variance. The first two factors explain the variance of 83.596% of the

In order to name these factors, we rotated the factors so that the coefficients were polarized to 0 and 1. By rotating the factor matrix, the factor can be named and interpreted (**Table 6**). Factor 1 is named the girth factor since it can represent waist girth, maximum belly circumference, bust girth (horizontal), thigh girth (right), buttock girth, weight, across shoulder, and mid-neck girth. Factor 2 is named the height factor as it can represent waist height, neck height, bust height, buttock height, and body height. The coefficient of principal component score is shown in **Table 7**. Standardized first factor = 0.178 × maximum belly circumference + 0.171 × waist girth + 0.171 × bust girth (horizontal) + 0.166 × thigh girth (right) + 0.154 × buttock girth +0.135 × weight + 0.112 × across shoulder +0.104 × mid-neck girth − 0.017 × body height − 0.043 × waist height − 0.022 × neck height

Standardized second factor = −0.066 × maximum belly circumference − 0.036 × waist girth − 0.047 × bust girth (horizontal) − 0.059 × thigh girth (right) − 0.015 × buttock girth + 0.047 × weight + 0.023 × across shoulder + 0.051 × mid-neck girth + 0.189 × body height + 0.203 × waist height +

According to **Figure 3**, the girth and height are highly related to the predicted basal metabolic rate with linear correlation. The correlation coefficients between predicted basal

> df 78.000 Sig. 0.000

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy 0.843 Bartlett's test of sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 2403.025

and chest height, so as to verify if the data were appropriate for correlation analysis.

original 13 factors; hence, we will confirm to extract the two principal components.

**3.1. Factors**

After scanning with Voxelan 3D laser scanner, Anthroscan (Scanworx) 3D image data processing software was used for obtaining statistical data, importing the scanned.obj cloud point map into Anthroscan, reducing the scale by 1:500 and adjusting X, Y, and Z axes. Therefore, the human body was facing the right side for intelligent repair. After obtaining the complete human body models, human body anthropometric measurements were carried out. Such data and the data of metabolic measurements were imported into the Excel spreadsheet. Spss19.0 was finally used to analyze the data correlation. The images of part of the subjects that were scanned by the 3D scanner and processed by the Anthroscan (Scanworx) 3D image software are shown in **Figures 1** and **2**.

**Figure 1.** Part of 3D scanning images of female subjects.

**Figure 2.** Part of 3D scanning images of male subjects.
