**Author details**

**8. Cytological changes that occurred through two mechanisms in the bones either distraction of bone or grafting bone defect by iliac crest** 

Our recent advances in bone research by experimental studies are by using rabbits as animal models for studding distraction technique for elongation of bones and studying the changes of bone grafting and the cellular changes associated and the role of mesenchymal

Distraction is defined as the process of generating new bone by stretching distraction osteogenesis (DO). Traction on the living tissue can stimulate and maintain regeneration and

The human body has an enormous regenerative ability to induce a regenerative ability and distraction osteogenesis (DO) which takes the advantages of this regenerative ability to induce

We did experimental studies on rabbits by achieving distraction of the mandible [15] to demonstrate that the previous literature did not mention about the biological changes that occur in the gap created by osteotomy of the bone site desired during the latent period which is the

The mechanisms of surgical distraction technique are passed through three phases—phase one is the surgical phase, phase two is the latent period phase, and the third phase is the consolidation phase. Surgical phase is started by fitting distraction apparatus and gap creation by osteotomy. The second phase is the phase of the latent period where the biological and cellular changes occurred by formation of clot and granulation tissue with the release of growth factor (GF) from platelets with proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, periosteum, and covering muscles with active fibroblast formation under the influence and action of growth factor (GF); this phase is the silent phase elapsed between 7

Distraction of the lower jaw was achieved by using bilateral distractor designed for hand bone lengthening apparatus which was adjusted by transfixation by Kirschner wire of 1.5 mm which was passed through both mandibular bodies. Rhythmic distraction of both corticomized fragments was carried out at a rate of 1 mm/day at a rhythm of 0.5 mm twice daily for 10 days. The segments hold for 6 weeks till consolidation phase is completed, and

Bone regeneration by distraction is a highly complicated and organized process. Through our research, we found in the histological studies revealed and demonstrated by our experiment that bone regeneration is based on membranous ossification preceded by formation of granulation tissue and mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow of bone segments and periosteum lining and covering muscles with formation of active fibroblasts in the same direction of stretching forces by the influence of growth factor (GF) for formation of new bone,

**bone graft and the role of mesenchymal stem cells**

8 Bone Grafting - Recent Advances with Special References to Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

growth by stimulating the proliferation of precursor cells.

key factor in distraction process and formation of new bone.

bone formation and regeneration were evaluated radiologically.

the regeneration and remodeling of bone [13, 14].

stem cells.

and 10 days.

muscles, and even skin [13–15].

Raja Kummoona

Address all correspondence to: raja\_kummoona@hotmail.com

Iraqi Board for Medical Specialization's, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
