**12. About the author**

Dr Jacobs graduated with a PhD in Education from the University of Melbourne in 2009. He is the author of *Neither-Nor: A young Australian's experience of deafness,* which portrays the social and romantic challenges of being a deaf person who is neither fully hearing nor has a cultural Deaf identity. He also wrote the award winning column *Psychosocial Potential* 

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**16** 

*Japan* 

**Environmental Chemical Substances** 

**A Systematic Literature Review** 

Hideko Sone, Tin-Tin Win-Shwe, Xian-Yang Qin,

Hiromi Akanuma and Satoshi Imanishi *National Institute for Environmental Studies* 

**in Relation to Neurodevelopmental Disorders:** 

Since the 1950s-70s, increasing number of regulations have rapidly expanded for the global usage of industrial, agricultural and other environmental chemical substances (ECSs). It is believed that children are at high risk of exposure to ECSs, which are produced in quantities greater than one million tons per year and widely dispersed in air, water, food crops, communities, waste sites and homes (Landrigan et al. 2006). Prevalence rates of many common diseases in children, including certain childhood cancers (Devesa et al. 1995; Robison et al. 1995; Schechter 1999; Supriyadi et al. 2011), birth defects (Ananth et al. 2005; Gilboa et al. 2010) and neurodevelopmental disorders (Malik et al. 2011), have been increased or maintained at high levels in industrialized countries. Although primary etiologic factors contributing to these diseases are unknown yet, accumulating evidences indicate that exposure to ECSs are partially responsible for the developmental disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other developmental delays (Boyle et al. 2011; Larson et al. 2001) (Figure 1). In this chapter, we conducted a systematic literature review for neurotoxic agents in environment to elucidate the relationship between exposure to ECSs and neurodevelopment disorders in

**2. Exposure to ECSs and neurodevelopmental disorders in children** 

According to the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (Fourth Report), 212 ECSs were detected in the urine and blood samples from the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population (CDC 2009). Therefore, we searched literatures for these 212 ECSs with keywords of "learning disabilities", "developmental delay" and "autism" by PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), and then a total of 1075 literatures were selected published during 1972 - 2011 July. These ECSs were categorized by their chemical features in this review (Table 1). Neurodevelopmental disorders in children are disabilities associated primarily with the functionings of the neurological system and brain, which include ADHD, ASDs, mental retardation (MR) and learning disabilities (LD). It has been known that children with neurodevelopmental disorders experience problems

**1. Introduction** 

children.

