Human Cytomegalovirus

**85**

**Chapter 5**

*Şule Gökçe*

**Abstract**

sensorineural hearing loss.

**1. Introduction**

Human Cytomegalovirus

Transmission, Symptoms,

Diagnosis, and Treatment

Infection: Biological Features,

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the human herpesviruses, is a deoxyribonucleic acid virus that is ubiquitous in the world. After primary infection, CMV develops a latent state; however, when the defense of the immune system decreases in a host, it can reactivate. Human cytomegalovirus infections are acquired via several ways. CMV is spread through contact with infected bodily fluids in humans, whereas it occurs in pregnant women through close contact with young children or through sexual transmission. The clinical manifestations consist of non-specific symptoms or clinical findings. However, the patients with acute CMV infections are generally asymptomatic. Congenital CMV infection (present at birth) occurs via intrauterine transmission of the virus that is thought to be transferred to the developing fetus. The common clinical manifestations of congenital CMV infection are sensorineural hearing loss, petechiae, jaundice at birth, and hepatosplenomegaly. The vast majority of healthy children and adolescents infected with CMV infections are most often asymptomatic. Treatment is recommended to initiate to the infants who have a symptomatic infection or primary immunodeficiency or asymptomatic infection with an isolated hearing loss. The diagnosis of congenital CMV infections should be considered when it is detected in the newborns with signs and symptoms consistent with congenital CMV disease or with abnormal neuroimaging consistent with CMV or newborns who have documented

**Keywords:** human cytomegalovirus, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), an infectious agent that is ubiquitous in the world population, is a member of human herpesvirus family including viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, and varicella zoster. CMV is the largest virus of the herpes family with a size of 190 nm. The structure of the virus includes a complex envelope composed of host cell-derived membrane studded and an icosahedral capsid that contains the virion DNA. The tegument layer which describes an amorphous area between the envelope and the capsid induces strong adaptive immune responses including CMV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes that are believed to
