**19.1. Pediatric and adolescent OSA etiology**

Hypertrophic adenoids, hypertrophic tonsils, maxillary transverse deficiency, class 3 maxillary skeletal deficiency, class 2 mandibular skeletal deficiency, overweight and obesity, and craniofacial anomalies. (Pierre Robin Sequence, Goldenhar syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Apert syndrome, cleft lip and/or palate, vertical face anomalies, Marfan syndrome, and associated 22q deletion syndromes).
