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## IntechOpen Book Series Infectious Diseases Volume 3

Dr. Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales received his Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree from Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, and his Master of Sciences in Protozoology (MSc) from Universidad de Los Andes, Trujillo, Venezuela. He received his Diploma in Tropical Medicine & Hygiene (DTM&H) from Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. He is a

Fellow of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine & Hygiene (FRSTMH), London, UK; a Fellow of the Faculty of Travel Medicine (FFTM) of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (RCPSG), Glasgow, Scotland, UK; and a Fellow of the American College of Epidemiology (FACE), USA. He is also a candidate for Doctor in Parasitology (PhD), Universidad Central de Venezuela. He is a Doctor of Sciences honoris causa (HonDSc) from Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UniFranz), Cochabamba, Bolivia. Prof. Rodriguez-Morales is the President of the Travel Medicine Committee, Pan American ID Association, and the Vice President of the Colombian ID Association. He is a Senior Researcher of Colciencias (2017- 2019), and a Professor at the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia (H index=28). .

### **Editor of Volume 3: Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales**

Director of Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

## **Book Series Editor:**

**Shailendra K. Saxena** King George's Medical University

## Scope of the Series

The series will give a most comprehensive overview of recent trends in various infectious diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification), as well as general concepts of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology and etiology to current clinical recommendations in management of infectious diseases, highlighting the ongoing issues, recent advances, with future directions in diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is very important for safeguarding human race from more loss of resources and economies due to pathogens.

Contents

**Section 1**

*and Madan L.B. Bhatt*

**Section 2**

**Preface III**

Vector - Borne Diseases **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 21**

**Chapter 3 31**

**Chapter 4 55**

Zoonotic Diseases **67**

**Chapter 5 69**

**Chapter 6 93**

Diagnosis and Molecular Characterization of Chikungunya Virus Infections *by Marta E. Álvarez-Argüelles, Susana Rojo Alba, Mercedes Rodríguez Pérez,* 

Clinical Features and Management of Chronic Chikungunya Arthritis *by Joshua Britton Bilsborrow, José Kennedy Amaral and Robert T. Schoen*

Activities in the Continental United States: Insights from Vector Control Experts

Persistent Barriers to Implementing Efficacious Mosquito Control

*by Imelda K. Moise, Leo C. Zulu, Douglas O. Fuller and John C. Beier*

The Global Distribution and Burden of Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Co-Infection in Acute Encephalitis Syndrome *by Shailendra K. Saxena, Swatantra Kumar, Vimal K. Maurya* 

*Jose Antonio Boga Riveiro and Santiago Melón García*

More than a Hundred Years in the Search for an Accurate

Therapy (MDT) in the Management of the Disease *by Tran Hau Khang, Ngo Minh Thao and Le Huu Doanh*

Diagnosis for Chagas Disease: Current Panorama and Expectations *by Aracely López-Monteon, Eric Dumonteil and Angel Ramos-Ligonio*

Epidemiology of Leprosy in Vietnam and the Effectiveness of Multidrug

## Contents



Preface

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is a diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries. NTDs affect more than one billion people and cost developing economies billions of dollars every year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NTDs mainly affect populations living in poverty, without adequate sanitation, and in close contact with infectious vectors, domestic animals, and livestock. Migration, as well as climate change and variability, are key factors in NTD prevalence (11-13).

Recently, viruses transmitted by vectors (arboviruses) that affect not only people living in the tropics, but also travelers and migrating populations, have been causing epidemics. These viruses include Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro, and encephalitis viruses. These viruses emerge and reemerge in multiple regions of the world, as occurred in the Americas recently (2013-2017) with Chikungunya and

Keeping these issues in mind, this book includes different aspects of research and clinical topics related to relevant NTDs, including their implications for public health. This book has been organized in two sections: I. Vector-Borne Diseases; and, II. Zoonotic Diseases. Section I includes topics related to Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, Chikungunya, and vector control. Section II includes experiences on

Commissioning of this book by IntechOpen was due, in part to my long commitment to vector-borne, zoonotic, and neglected tropical diseases, being involved as Co-Chair of the Working Group on Zoonoses of the International Society for Chemotherapy (WGZ-ISC), as well in Colombia at the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, ACIN) and more recently, as the Chair of the Colombian Collaborative Network of Research on Zika (Red Colombiana de Colaboración en Zika) (RECOLZIKA), since January

I have been involved in NTDs for the last two decades, including Leishmaniasis, Chagas Disease, and Dengue, and since 2014, Chikungunya and emerging arboviruses, such as Zika and Mayaro. After moving from Venezuela to Colombia in 2011, I have been involved in NTD research in Risaralda, such as Leishmaniasis (still prevalent in the area). Part of this work is a clear reflection of the work mission at the Research Group Infection Public Health and Infection (classified A1 by Colciencias) of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, directed by Dr. Guillermo Javier Lagos-Grisales, who is not just a partner, colleague, and friend, but also an extreme believer in our work in vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. I must also recognize the beginning of a significant collaboration after a meeting in Cartagena in 2013, during the

Therefore, NTDs deserve more study.

Leprosy and Chagas Disease.

Zika.

2016.

*by Tonay Inceboz*
