**9. Control of vector** *Aedes*

**iii.** Group C includes patients with severe plasma leakage, severe bleeding leading towards

The classification is meant to make it realized that the group is clearly identified so that

Dengue infection symptoms are the major tool for its diagnosis. However, this is not a reliable method for the confirmation of dengue infection but laboratory studies are needed [42, 43]. Dengue virus in the initial stages may cause fever to dengue fever or later on more it can result in severe dengue. Common tools for the detection of dengue infection in laboratory tests include; an identification of the particular viral serotype, genomic sequences, viral antigen, genomic sequence, and/or antibodies. Major advances in the diagnosis of this infection include IgM captured ELISA, dengue specific monoclonal antibodies, viral RNA detection by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), and viral isolation from mosquito cell lines and also live mosquitoes, all these are reported to have major advances in dengue diagnosis. Diagnosis involves two levels of detection. At level one, the patient is in acute febrile phase, where NS1 antigens and viral RNA can be detected, and at level two is the stage in which IgG and IgM antibodies are abundant in blood with the post febrile period [44]. Acute stages of dengue may be represented by flu like fever in which diagnosis is made possible by identifying viral RNA/proteins in the patient's blood. Dengue viral RNA can also be identified in early stage of infection using RT-PCR. This technique is quite reliable but unaffordable for the poor people [45, 46]. ELISA test is also being utilized to identify primary as well as secondary infection by utilizing dengue-specific monoclonal NS1 antibody to identify NS1 in victim's blood [47–49]. MACELISA assays in combination with NS1 Ag can be utilized for the detection of dengue viruses in earlier stages of infection [50]. Commonly used laboratory methods include immune-fluorescence tests, capture ELISAs, and hemagglutination assays [51]. Nonetheless, it is important to consider that serological tests can be misleading due to cross-reactivity while

Vaccines against dengue are difficult to develop. Nonetheless, as for December of 2015, CYD-TDV vaccine was approved for human use, and to date it remains as the sole vaccine with this status. As for specific treatments none is available, however various anti-viral natural entities

There are several methods used to control dengue infection. The first and most important preventive measure is the prevention of contact with infected mosquitoes. *Aedes* mosquitoes usually have biting preferences during daytime and its contact can be minimized in various ways, for example, proper management of stored water and wastes, use of insecticides to eradicate the mosquitoes, use of mosquito nets and coils as well as repellents, use of wearing which minimize the exposed body surface. Insecticide treated nets (ITNs) are also available

are being evaluated for the elimination of dengue virus [ 32, 47, 48, 52–54].

extreme condition of organ impairment [41].

10 Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation

there is more that flavivirus circulating in the region.

**8. Control of dengue fever**

**7. Diagnosis of dengue fever**

patients are going to be treated keeping in view the relevant category.

The best way to control dengue is to improve capabilities of mosquito abatement especially in the most populated areas where vector densities are high due to availability of hosts [18].
