**11. Chemical control**

The vector borne diseases are controlled worldwide, simply via controlling the vector. This thumb rule equally implies on dengue vector *Aedes* mosquitoes as well. Integrated Vector Management (IVM) mostly focuses on chemical control using insecticides; most frequently used are reported organophosphates and pyrethroids by WHO against dengue, malaria as well as yellow fever. These insecticides are affective against larvae, pupae and adults as well [25, 56, 57]. No new public health insecticides have been developed for mainstream vector control in disease-endemic countries (DECs) for the last three decades. Narrow range of public health insecticides necessitates new, safe, less expensive, environment friendly insecticides to replace those already being commercially used and mostly have been reported to develop resistance. Pyrethroid insecticides such as Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin, Cyhalothrin, etc. and DDVP organophosphate insecticides have been frequently used against mosquitoes and flies at household level. However, pyrethroid insecticides are reported to develop resistance. Hence, synergistic use of organophosphae and pyrethroid insecticides is being used now-a-days in order to combat this resistance menace [58]. New insecticides which are safe for health and environment as well demand investment. It is estimated that about US\$70 million amount is required to develop a new insecticide. Public health insecticide market encompasses about US\$151.2 million worldwide, hereby, shows the overall small size market. It is a dire need of time to engage commercial partners in the development of new insecticides. It has been suggested that both commercial and academic partners must collaborate and work together. In addition, community level health workers must be stimulated to locate and target the investment so that safe, cost-effective, user-friendly vector control insecticides can be developed.

*israelensis* (*Bti*), methoprene and the insect growth hormone are also proven to be quite effec-

Dengue Fever: A General Perspective http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81277 13

Plants as a whole and/or their certain parts plus various products originated from different plants have been incorporated in the control programs from long time ago. However, plant oils have been annotated with potentially good insecticidal properties [76, 77]. Plant extracts are reported as fumigant and caused ovicidal, larvicidal, and overall insecticidal activity against various insects. The plants derived insecticides; mostly mentioned as biopesticides are non-hazardous to the environment, cheap, and are considered safe to human as well as other animals. Black pepper extracts have been shown with significant potential as adulticide

It is thus, suggested that plant extracts have promising capability to control the mosquitoes. Being safe to human health and to the environment; these can be successfully incorporated in mosquito control programs [79]. In addition, a few plants extracts have been successfully tested against some viral diseases. Aforementioned wherein the life cycle of dengue virus; DENV makes an attachment with host via host receptors and envelope proteins; suggesting thereby that DENV infection can be controlled via inhibition of host-viral interactions using plants extracts. Moreover, NS2-NS3 protease and NS5 have also been reported as significant antiviral drug targets due to their impact on viral replication and other cellular processes as well [80, 81]. Several medicinal plants such as *Momordica charantia* and *Andrographis paniculata* have been reported in inhibiting the replication cycle of DENV. Few of the weed plants have been shown to cause insecticidal and enzyme inhibitory activities in insects [83, 84]. Further

Dengue viral disease is an emerging health concern in many regions of the world and has become a serious threat in many areas of the world including Southeast Asia and Pakistan. The control of the dengue is difficult as there is no vaccine available so far. Vaccine preparation against dengue requires a tetravalent vaccine but no such licensed compound has been prepared so far. However dengue viral envelope proteins can be targeted to make an effective drug against dengue as these proteins are involved in the entry of the virus into the host cell. Several medicinal plants have been identified so far which show significant inhibitory results against dengue but still there is a need of proper medicine which can show promising results. In future, exploration of interaction of *Aedes albopictus* and other mosquito species is required. *Toxorhynchites* mosquitoes should be searched out for their predatory role against *Aedes albopictus* and *Aedes aegypti*. Vectoral role of *Aedes albopictus* and *Aedes aegypti* must be regulated in and between countries. In addition, the predominant serotype in dengue outbreaks can be

managed through respective vaccine especially against the documented serotype.

tive against *Aedes albopictus* in the laboratory as well as in the field [57, 71–75].

**13. Botanical control**

against *Aedes aegypti* and *Anopheles stephensi* [78].

**14. Conclusion and future perspectives**

investigations are needed to develop potential dengue treatment [85].
