*Pneumothorax*

Cost effectiveness of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus conservative treatment for first time or recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. The European Respiratory Journal. 1996;**9**:1821-1825

[18] Al-Mourgi M, Alshehri F. Videoassisted thoracoscopic surgery for the treatment of first-time spontaneous pneumothorax versus conservative treatment. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2015;**9**(4):428-432

[19] Ooi A, Ling Z. Uniportal video assisted thoracoscopic surgery bullectomy and double pleurodesis for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Journal of Visceral Surgery. 2016;**26**(2):17

[20] Li L, Tian H, Yue W, Li S, Gao C, Si L. Subxiphoid vs intercostal singleincision video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax: A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Surgery. 2016;**30**:99-103

[21] Sudduth CL, Shinnick JK, Geng Z, McCracken CE, Clifton MS, Raval MV. Optimal surgical technique in spontaneous pneumothorax: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Surgical Research. 2017;**210**:32-46

[22] Barker A, Maratos EC, Edmonds L, et al. Recurrence rates of video-assisted thoracoscopic versus open surgery in the prevention of recurrent pneumothorax: A systematic review of randomised and non-randomised trials. Lancet. 2007;**370**:329-335

[23] Sedrakyan A, van der Meulen J, Lewsey J, Treasure T. Video assisted thoracic surgery for treatment of pneumothorax and lung resections: Systematic review of randomised clinical trials. British Medical Journal. 2004;**329**(7473):1008

[24] Waller DA, Forty J, Morritt GN. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy for spontaneous pneumothorax. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1994;**58**:372-376

[25] Ayed AK, Al-Din HJ. Videoassisted thoracoscopy versus thoracotomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: A randomized controlled trial. Medical Principles and Practice. 2000;**9**:113-118

[26] Vohra HA, Adamson L, Weeden DF. Does video-assisted thoracoscopic pleurectomy result in better outcomes than open pleurectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax? Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2008;**7**:673-677

[27] LoCicero J, Hartz RS, Frederikson JW, et al. New applications of laser in pulmonary surgery (hemostasis and sealing of air leaks). The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1985;**40**:546-550

[28] Marcheix B, Brouchet L, Renaud C, et al. Videothoracoscopic silver nitrate pleurodesis for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: An alternative to pleurectomy and pleural abrasion? European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2007;**31**(6):1106-1109. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.03.017

[29] Potaris K, Mihos P, Gakidis I. Experience with an albuminglutaraldehyde tissue adhesive in sealing air leaks after bullectomy. The Heart Surgery Forum. 2003;**6**(5):429-433

[30] Matar AF, Hill JG, Duncan W, et al. Use of biological glue to control pulmonary air leaks. Thorax. 1990;**45**:670-674

[31] Hong KP, Kim DK, Kang KH. Staple line coverage with a polyglycolic acid patch and fibrin glue without pleural abrasion after thoracoscopic bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Korean Journal of

**69**

*Controversies in Pneumothorax Treatment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87141*

Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.

pleurodesis in spontaneous

A systematic review. Thorax.

Surgery. 2006;**82**(3):1052-1056

Orii K, Kinoshita H, Endo N, et al. Postoperative recurrences of pneumothorax in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in young patients. Journal of Nippon Medical

School. 2008;**75**(2):91-95

Surgery. 1999;**68**:1413-1414

1993;**307**:114-116

2010;**86**:68-72

2001;**7**:91-93

2017;**72**:1121-1131

1994;**106**:1162-1165

pneumothorax recurrence prevention:

[40] Shackcloth MJ, Poullis M, Jackson M, Soorae A, Page RD. Intrapleural instillation of autologous blood in the treatment of prolonged air leak after lobectomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial. The Annals of Thoracic

[41] Milanez JR, Vargas FS, Filomeno LT, et al. Intrapleural talc for prevention of recurrent pneumothorax. Chest.

[42] Haraguchi S, Koizumi K, Hioki M,

[43] Cowl CT, Dunn WF, Deschamps C. Visualisations of diaphragmatic

fenestration associated with catamenial pneumothorax. The Annals of Thoracic

[44] Miller AC, Harvey JE. Guidelines for management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Standards of care committee, British Thoracic Society. British Medical Journal.

[45] Harris A, O'Driscoll BR, Turkington PM. Survey of major complications of intercostal chest drain insertion in the UK. Postgraduate Medical Journal.

[46] Breckenridge IM. Risk management

of chest drains. Clinical Risk.

[47] Haggie JA. Management of pneumothorax. Chest drain trocar unsafe and unnecessary. British Medical

[32] Lee S, Kim HR, Cho S, Huh DM, Lee EB, Ryu KM, et al. Korean pneumothorax study group. Staple line coverage after bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: A randomized trial. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2014;**98**(6):2005-2011

[33] Nicotera SP, Decamp MM. Special situations: Air leak after lung volume reduction surgery and in ventilated patients. Thoracic Surgery Clinics.

[35] Horio H, Nomori H, Kobayashi R, Naruke T, Suemasu K. Impact of additional pleurodesis in video-assisted thoracoscopic bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Surgical Endoscopy. 2002;**16**(4):630-634

[36] Nakanishi K. Long-term effect of a thoracoscopic stapled bullectomy alone for preventing the recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Surgery Today. 2009;**39**(7):553-557

[37] Min X, Huang Y, Yang Y, Chen Y, Cui J, Wang C, et al. Mechanical pleurodesis does not reduce recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax: A randomized trial. The Annals of

Thoracic Surgery. 2014;**98**(5):1790-1796

[38] Chung WJ, Jo W, Lee SH, Son HS,

[39] Hallifax RJ, Yousuf A, Jones HE, et al. Effectiveness of chemical

Kim KT. Effects of additional pleurodesis with dextrose and talc-dextrose solution after video assisted thoracoscopic procedures for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Journal of Korean Medical Science.

2008;**23**(2):284-287

2016;**49**(2):85-91

2010;**20**(3):427-434

[34] Ferguson LJ, Imrie CW, Hutchison J. Excision of bullae without pleurectomy in patients with spontaneous pneumothorax. The British Journal of Surgery. 1981;**68**:214-216

*Controversies in Pneumothorax Treatment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87141*

Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2016;**49**(2):85-91

*Pneumothorax*

1996;**9**:1821-1825

Cost effectiveness of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus

[18] Al-Mourgi M, Alshehri F. Videoassisted thoracoscopic surgery for the treatment of first-time spontaneous pneumothorax versus conservative treatment. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2015;**9**(4):428-432

[19] Ooi A, Ling Z. Uniportal video assisted thoracoscopic surgery

Journal of Visceral Surgery.

2016;**26**(2):17

2016;**30**:99-103

2017;**210**:32-46

2007;**370**:329-335

2004;**329**(7473):1008

bullectomy and double pleurodesis for primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

[20] Li L, Tian H, Yue W, Li S, Gao C, Si L. Subxiphoid vs intercostal singleincision video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax:

[21] Sudduth CL, Shinnick JK, Geng Z, McCracken CE, Clifton MS, Raval MV. Optimal surgical technique in spontaneous pneumothorax: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Surgical Research.

[22] Barker A, Maratos EC, Edmonds L, et al. Recurrence rates of video-assisted thoracoscopic versus open surgery in the prevention of recurrent pneumothorax: A systematic review of randomised and non-randomised trials. Lancet.

[23] Sedrakyan A, van der Meulen J, Lewsey J, Treasure T. Video assisted thoracic surgery for treatment of pneumothorax and lung resections: Systematic review of randomised clinical trials. British Medical Journal.

A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Surgery.

conservative treatment for first time or recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. The European Respiratory Journal.

[24] Waller DA, Forty J, Morritt GN. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy for spontaneous pneumothorax. The Annals of Thoracic

Surgery. 1994;**58**:372-376

Practice. 2000;**9**:113-118

2008;**7**:673-677

[25] Ayed AK, Al-Din HJ. Videoassisted thoracoscopy versus

pneumothorax: A randomized

thoracotomy for primary spontaneous

controlled trial. Medical Principles and

[26] Vohra HA, Adamson L, Weeden DF. Does video-assisted thoracoscopic pleurectomy result in better outcomes than open pleurectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax? Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery.

[27] LoCicero J, Hartz RS, Frederikson JW, et al. New applications of laser in pulmonary surgery (hemostasis and sealing of air leaks). The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1985;**40**:546-550

[28] Marcheix B, Brouchet L, Renaud C, et al. Videothoracoscopic silver nitrate pleurodesis for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: An alternative to pleurectomy and pleural abrasion? European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2007;**31**(6):1106-1109. DOI:

10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.03.017

[29] Potaris K, Mihos P, Gakidis I. Experience with an albumin-

[30] Matar AF, Hill JG, Duncan W, et al. Use of biological glue to control pulmonary air leaks. Thorax.

line coverage with a polyglycolic acid patch and fibrin glue without pleural abrasion after thoracoscopic bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Korean Journal of

1990;**45**:670-674

glutaraldehyde tissue adhesive in sealing air leaks after bullectomy. The Heart Surgery Forum. 2003;**6**(5):429-433

[31] Hong KP, Kim DK, Kang KH. Staple

**68**

[32] Lee S, Kim HR, Cho S, Huh DM, Lee EB, Ryu KM, et al. Korean pneumothorax study group. Staple line coverage after bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: A randomized trial. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2014;**98**(6):2005-2011

[33] Nicotera SP, Decamp MM. Special situations: Air leak after lung volume reduction surgery and in ventilated patients. Thoracic Surgery Clinics. 2010;**20**(3):427-434

[34] Ferguson LJ, Imrie CW, Hutchison J. Excision of bullae without pleurectomy in patients with spontaneous pneumothorax. The British Journal of Surgery. 1981;**68**:214-216

[35] Horio H, Nomori H, Kobayashi R, Naruke T, Suemasu K. Impact of additional pleurodesis in video-assisted thoracoscopic bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Surgical Endoscopy. 2002;**16**(4):630-634

[36] Nakanishi K. Long-term effect of a thoracoscopic stapled bullectomy alone for preventing the recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Surgery Today. 2009;**39**(7):553-557

[37] Min X, Huang Y, Yang Y, Chen Y, Cui J, Wang C, et al. Mechanical pleurodesis does not reduce recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax: A randomized trial. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2014;**98**(5):1790-1796

[38] Chung WJ, Jo W, Lee SH, Son HS, Kim KT. Effects of additional pleurodesis with dextrose and talc-dextrose solution after video assisted thoracoscopic procedures for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2008;**23**(2):284-287

[39] Hallifax RJ, Yousuf A, Jones HE, et al. Effectiveness of chemical

pleurodesis in spontaneous pneumothorax recurrence prevention: A systematic review. Thorax. 2017;**72**:1121-1131

[40] Shackcloth MJ, Poullis M, Jackson M, Soorae A, Page RD. Intrapleural instillation of autologous blood in the treatment of prolonged air leak after lobectomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2006;**82**(3):1052-1056

[41] Milanez JR, Vargas FS, Filomeno LT, et al. Intrapleural talc for prevention of recurrent pneumothorax. Chest. 1994;**106**:1162-1165

[42] Haraguchi S, Koizumi K, Hioki M, Orii K, Kinoshita H, Endo N, et al. Postoperative recurrences of pneumothorax in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in young patients. Journal of Nippon Medical School. 2008;**75**(2):91-95

[43] Cowl CT, Dunn WF, Deschamps C. Visualisations of diaphragmatic fenestration associated with catamenial pneumothorax. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1999;**68**:1413-1414

[44] Miller AC, Harvey JE. Guidelines for management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Standards of care committee, British Thoracic Society. British Medical Journal. 1993;**307**:114-116

[45] Harris A, O'Driscoll BR, Turkington PM. Survey of major complications of intercostal chest drain insertion in the UK. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2010;**86**:68-72

[46] Breckenridge IM. Risk management of chest drains. Clinical Risk. 2001;**7**:91-93

[47] Haggie JA. Management of pneumothorax. Chest drain trocar unsafe and unnecessary. British Medical Journal. 1993;**307**:443. DOI: 10.1136/ bmj.307.6901.443

[48] Kwiatt M, Tarbox A, Seamon MJ, et al. Thoracostomy tubes: A comprehensive review of complications and related topics. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science. 2014;**4**(2):143-155

[49] Tait P, Waheed U, Bell S. Successful removal of malpositioned chest drain within the liver by embolization of the transhepatic track. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2009;**32**:825-827

[50] Osinowo O, Softah AL, Eid Zahrani M. Ectopic chest tube insertions: Diagnosis and strategies for prevention. The African Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002;**31**:67-70

[51] Nahum E, Ben-Ari J, Schonfeld T, Horev G. Acute diaphragmatic paralysis caused by chest-tube trauma to phrenic nerve. Pediatric Radiology. 2001;**31**:444-446

[52] Taub PJ, Lajam F, Kim U. Erosion into the subclavian artery by a chest tube. The Journal of Trauma. 1999;**47**:972-974

[53] Knyazer B et al. Horner's syndrome secondary to chest tube insertion for pneumothorax. Asian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2008;**10**:27-29

[54] Etoch SW, Bar-Natan MF, Miller FB, Richardson JD. Tube thoracostomy. Factors related to complications. Archives of Surgery. 1995;**130**:521-525. Discussion 525-6

[55] Banagale RC, Outerbridge EW, Aranda JV. Lung perforation: A complication of chest tube insertion in neonatal pneumothorax. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1979;**94**:973-975

[56] Icoz G, Kara E, Ilkgül O, Yetgin S, Tunçyürek P, Korkut MA. Perforation of the stomach due to chest tube complication in a patient with iatrogenic diaphragmatic rupture. Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 2003;**103**:423-424

[57] Johnson JF, Wright DR. Chest tube perforation of esophagus following repair of esophageal atresia. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1990;**25**:1227-1230

[58] Hallifax RJ, Psallidas I, Rahman NM. Chest drain size: The debate continues. Current Pulmonology Reports. 2017;**6**(1):26-29

[59] Fang M, Liu G, Luo G, Wu T. Does pigtail catheters relieve pneumothorax? A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;**97**(47):89

[60] Filosso PL, Sandri A, Guerrera F, Ferraris A, Marchisio F, Bora G, et al. When size matters: Changing opinion in the management of pleural space-the rise of small-bore pleural catheters. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2016;**8**(7):E503-E510

[61] Riber SS, Riber LP, Olesen WH, Licht PB. The influence of chest tube size and position in primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2017;**9**(2):327-332

[62] Sharma TN, Agrihotri SP, Jain NK, et al. Intercostal tube thoracostomy in pneumothorax: Factors influencing re-expansion of lung. The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases & Allied Sciences. 1988;**30**:32-35

[63] Reed MF, Lyons JM, Luchette FA, et al. Preliminary report of a prospective, randomized trial of underwater seal for spontaneous and iatrogenic pneumothorax. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2007;**204**:84-90

[64] Blair Marshall M, Deeb ME, Bleier J, Kucharczuk JC, Friedberg JS, Kaiser LR, et al. Suction vs water

**71**

*Controversies in Pneumothorax Treatment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87141*

seal after pulmonary resection. Chest.

despite persistent air leak. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1992;**53**:740-741

[73] Cerfolio RJ, Minnich DJ, Bryant AS. The removal of chest tubes despite an air leak or a pneumothorax. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2009;**87**:1690-1694

[74] Bell RL, Ovadia P, Abdullah F, Spector S, Rabinovici R. Chest tube removal: End-inspiration or endexpiration? The Journal of Trauma.

2001;**50**(4):674-677

2017;**27**(1):41-46

[75] Novoa NM, Jiménez MF, Varela G. When to remove a chest tube. Thoracic Surgery Clinics.

Surgery. 2015;**150**:1252-1253

[76] Lim E. The devil is in the details: Managing chest drains and interpreting negative randomized trial data. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular

[77] Traoré A, Doumiri M, Bensghir M, Haimeur C, Tazi AS. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax during pregnancy: A case report and review of literature. Revue de Pneumologie Clinique. 2015;**71**(5):306-308

[78] Terndrup TE, Bosco SF, McLean ER. Spontaneous pneumothorax complicating pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1989;**7**:245-248

[79] Lal A, Anderson G, Cowen M, et al. Pneumothorax and pregnancy. Chest.

[80] Hu X, Cowl CT, Baqir M, Ryu MJ. Air travel and pneumothorax. Chest.

2007;**132**:1044-1048

2014;**145**(4):688-694

1986;**57**:939-949

[81] Voge VM, Anthracite R. Spontaneous pneumothorax in the USAF aircrew population: A retrospective study. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine.

[65] Cerfolio RJ, Bass C, Katholi CR. Prospective randomized trial compares suction versus water seal for air leaks. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery.

[66] SY S, DY Y. Catheter drainage of spontaneous pneumothorax: Suction or no suction, early or late removal?

[67] Aguayo E, Cameron R, Dobaria V, Ou R, Iyengar A, Sanaiha Y, et al. Assessment of differential pressures in chest drainage systems: Is what you see what you get? The Journal of Surgical

Papagiannopoulos K, Sihoe A, Vachlas K, Maxfield MW, et al. Multicenter international randomized comparison of objective and subjective outcomes between electronic and traditional chest drainage systems. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2014;**98**(2):490-496

[69] Gilbert S, McGuire AL, Maghera S, Sundaresan SR, Seely AJ, Maziak DE, et al. Randomized trial of digital versus analog pleural drainage in patients with or without a pulmonary air leak after lung resection. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.

[70] Thopaz+ Portable Digital System for Managing Chest Drains. NICE. 2018. Available from: https://www. nice.org.uk/guidance/MTG37/

chapter/1-Recommendations [Accessed:

2002;**121**(3):831-835

2001;**71**(5):1613-1617

Thorax. 1982;**37**:46-48

Research. 2018;**232**:464-469

[68] Pompili C, Detterbeck F,

2015;**150**:1243-1249

November 11, 2018]

1993;**307**:443

[71] Wong PS. Management of pneumothorax. Never clamp a chest drain. British Medical Journal.

[72] Kirschner PA. "Provocative clamping" and removal of chest tubes *Controversies in Pneumothorax Treatment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87141*

*Pneumothorax*

bmj.307.6901.443

2014;**4**(2):143-155

2009;**32**:825-827

Journal. 1993;**307**:443. DOI: 10.1136/

of the stomach due to chest tube

Belgica. 2003;**103**:423-424

complication in a patient with iatrogenic diaphragmatic rupture. Acta Chirurgica

[57] Johnson JF, Wright DR. Chest tube perforation of esophagus following repair of esophageal atresia. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1990;**25**:1227-1230

[58] Hallifax RJ, Psallidas I, Rahman NM. Chest drain size: The debate continues.

[59] Fang M, Liu G, Luo G, Wu T. Does pigtail catheters relieve pneumothorax? A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine.

[60] Filosso PL, Sandri A, Guerrera F, Ferraris A, Marchisio F, Bora G, et al. When size matters: Changing opinion in the management of pleural space-the rise of small-bore pleural catheters. Journal of Thoracic Disease.

[61] Riber SS, Riber LP, Olesen WH, Licht PB. The influence of chest tube size and position in primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2017;**9**(2):327-332

[62] Sharma TN, Agrihotri SP, Jain NK, et al. Intercostal tube thoracostomy in pneumothorax: Factors influencing re-expansion of lung. The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases & Allied

[63] Reed MF, Lyons JM, Luchette FA,

Current Pulmonology Reports.

2017;**6**(1):26-29

2018;**97**(47):89

2016;**8**(7):E503-E510

Sciences. 1988;**30**:32-35

2007;**204**:84-90

et al. Preliminary report of a prospective, randomized trial of underwater seal for spontaneous and iatrogenic pneumothorax. Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[64] Blair Marshall M, Deeb ME, Bleier J, Kucharczuk JC, Friedberg JS, Kaiser LR, et al. Suction vs water

[48] Kwiatt M, Tarbox A, Seamon MJ,

comprehensive review of complications and related topics. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science.

[49] Tait P, Waheed U, Bell S. Successful removal of malpositioned chest drain within the liver by embolization of the transhepatic track. Cardiovascular

[50] Osinowo O, Softah AL, Eid Zahrani M. Ectopic chest tube insertions: Diagnosis and strategies for prevention.

[51] Nahum E, Ben-Ari J, Schonfeld T, Horev G. Acute diaphragmatic paralysis caused by chest-tube trauma to phrenic nerve. Pediatric Radiology.

[52] Taub PJ, Lajam F, Kim U. Erosion into the subclavian artery by a chest tube. The Journal of Trauma.

[53] Knyazer B et al. Horner's syndrome secondary to chest tube insertion for pneumothorax. Asian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2008;**10**:27-29

[54] Etoch SW, Bar-Natan MF, Miller FB, Richardson JD. Tube thoracostomy. Factors related to complications. Archives of Surgery. 1995;**130**:521-525.

[55] Banagale RC, Outerbridge EW, Aranda JV. Lung perforation: A complication of chest tube insertion in neonatal pneumothorax. The Journal of

[56] Icoz G, Kara E, Ilkgül O, Yetgin S, Tunçyürek P, Korkut MA. Perforation

Pediatrics. 1979;**94**:973-975

et al. Thoracostomy tubes: A

and Interventional Radiology.

The African Journal of Medical

Sciences. 2002;**31**:67-70

2001;**31**:444-446

1999;**47**:972-974

Discussion 525-6

**70**

seal after pulmonary resection. Chest. 2002;**121**(3):831-835

[65] Cerfolio RJ, Bass C, Katholi CR. Prospective randomized trial compares suction versus water seal for air leaks. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001;**71**(5):1613-1617

[66] SY S, DY Y. Catheter drainage of spontaneous pneumothorax: Suction or no suction, early or late removal? Thorax. 1982;**37**:46-48

[67] Aguayo E, Cameron R, Dobaria V, Ou R, Iyengar A, Sanaiha Y, et al. Assessment of differential pressures in chest drainage systems: Is what you see what you get? The Journal of Surgical Research. 2018;**232**:464-469

[68] Pompili C, Detterbeck F, Papagiannopoulos K, Sihoe A, Vachlas K, Maxfield MW, et al. Multicenter international randomized comparison of objective and subjective outcomes between electronic and traditional chest drainage systems. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2014;**98**(2):490-496

[69] Gilbert S, McGuire AL, Maghera S, Sundaresan SR, Seely AJ, Maziak DE, et al. Randomized trial of digital versus analog pleural drainage in patients with or without a pulmonary air leak after lung resection. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2015;**150**:1243-1249

[70] Thopaz+ Portable Digital System for Managing Chest Drains. NICE. 2018. Available from: https://www. nice.org.uk/guidance/MTG37/ chapter/1-Recommendations [Accessed: November 11, 2018]

[71] Wong PS. Management of pneumothorax. Never clamp a chest drain. British Medical Journal. 1993;**307**:443

[72] Kirschner PA. "Provocative clamping" and removal of chest tubes despite persistent air leak. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1992;**53**:740-741

[73] Cerfolio RJ, Minnich DJ, Bryant AS. The removal of chest tubes despite an air leak or a pneumothorax. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2009;**87**:1690-1694

[74] Bell RL, Ovadia P, Abdullah F, Spector S, Rabinovici R. Chest tube removal: End-inspiration or endexpiration? The Journal of Trauma. 2001;**50**(4):674-677

[75] Novoa NM, Jiménez MF, Varela G. When to remove a chest tube. Thoracic Surgery Clinics. 2017;**27**(1):41-46

[76] Lim E. The devil is in the details: Managing chest drains and interpreting negative randomized trial data. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2015;**150**:1252-1253

[77] Traoré A, Doumiri M, Bensghir M, Haimeur C, Tazi AS. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax during pregnancy: A case report and review of literature. Revue de Pneumologie Clinique. 2015;**71**(5):306-308

[78] Terndrup TE, Bosco SF, McLean ER. Spontaneous pneumothorax complicating pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1989;**7**:245-248

[79] Lal A, Anderson G, Cowen M, et al. Pneumothorax and pregnancy. Chest. 2007;**132**:1044-1048

[80] Hu X, Cowl CT, Baqir M, Ryu MJ. Air travel and pneumothorax. Chest. 2014;**145**(4):688-694

[81] Voge VM, Anthracite R. Spontaneous pneumothorax in the USAF aircrew population: A retrospective study. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1986;**57**:939-949

[82] Gupta N, Sunwoo BY, Kotloff RM. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Clinics in Chest Medicine. 2016;**37**(3):475-486

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[84] Weill D. Lung transplantation: Indications and contraindications. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2018;**10**(7):4574-4587

[85] Tschopp JM, Boutin C, Astoul P, Janssen JP, Grandin S, Bolliger CT, et al. Talcage by medical thoracoscopy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax is more cost-effective than drainage: A randomised study. The European Respiratory Journal. 2002;**20**:1003-1009

[86] Ben-Nun A, Golan N, Faibishenko I, Simansky D, Soudack M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications: Efficient and safe treatment following video-assisted pleurodesis for spontaneous pneumothorax. World Journal of Surgery. 2011;**35**(11):2563-2567

[87] Lardinois D, Vogt P, Yang L, Hegyi I, Baslam M, Weder W. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the quality of pleurodesis after mechanical pleural abrasion. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2004;**25**(5):865-871

[88] Pompeo E, Tacconi F, Mineo D, Mineo TC. The role of awake videoassisted thoracoscopic surgery in spontaneous pneumothorax. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2007;**133**(3):786-790

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