Meet the editors

Samia Ali Abdo Gamie obtained her master's degree and PhD from Cairo Medical College. She is a professor of Internal Medicine at Helwan University, Egypt. She has trained individuals in the use of ultrasound for more than 20 years and organized the ultrasound training course for Ain Shams University Hospital, Egypt. She is a peer reviewer, author, member of the Egyptian Board Committee, and an examiner for the Egyptian Fellowship of Internal Medicine.

Dr. Gamie is a member of the Medical Ethical Committee of Helwan University as well as director of the university's Student Assessment Service.

Dr. Enas Mahmoud Foda obtained her MD in Internal Medicine from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. She is professor of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the same university. She also works in its Abdominal Ultrasound unit. Dr. Foda has presented at numerous conferences and is author of several published papers.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

Sonography

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

The Kidney *by Ercan Ayaz*

**Section 5**

*by Moawia Gameraddin*

*by Samia Ali Abdo Gamie*

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Knobology **11**

**Chapter 2 13**

Liver Ultrasound **31**

**Chapter 3 33**

Kidneys Ultrasound **51**

**Chapter 4 53**

Doppler Ultrasound of the Kidneys **73**

**Chapter 5 75**

Ultrasound of the Kidneys: Application of Doppler and Elastography

*by Daniel Fuster, Xavier Garcia-Calvo, Paola Zuluaga, Inmaculada Rivas,* 

Introductory Chapter: Common Pitfalls and How to Overcome

The Influence of Ultrasound Equipment Knobology in Abdominal

*by Yaw Amo Wiafe and Augustina Badu-Peprah*

*Arantza Sanvisens, Jordi Tor and Robert Muga*

Liver Ultrasound Abnormalities in Alcohol Use Disorder

## Contents


#### **Section 6**

Intestinal Ultrasound **89**

#### **Chapter 6 91**

High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging of the Intestine in Normal Subjects and Patients with Intestinal Parasites *by Philip C. Njemanze, Josephine T. Njemanze, Clara C. Ofoegbu, Chinwendu C. Darlington, Esther Nneke, Ijeoma A. Onweni, Uchechi V. Ejiogu, Chinenye U. Mgbenu, Nneoma E. Ukeje, Anthonia C. Amadi and Doris C. Amaefule*

Preface

Abdominal ultrasound is a noninvasive bedside diagnostic tool that helps to discover many abdominal problems. It is safe and painless even in the early stages of

The development of ultrasound had its beginning in 1790 with the recognition of echolocation used by bats. Biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani first discovered that bats hear by listening for the return of the high-frequency sound they emit to detect objects and food. A breakthrough came in 1880 when physicist Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques Curie studied the properties of crystalline structure to demonstrate a piezoelectric effect, which was the scientific basis of the first transducer. This device generated a high-frequency sound and received its echo back. Ultrasound maps the body's structures based on the travel time and intensity of the ultrasound

Diagnostic ultrasound began to be used in medicine for the first time during and shortly after World War II; the term SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) was first used then as well. At that time, medicine began to realize the benefits of using

The principle of ultrasound is to send ultrasound waves of particular frequencies into the body. When these waves meet the various structures of the body, the tissue will reflect, refract, absorb or transmit the wave. A special acoustic character can identify different tissue based on how much the tissue reflects or transmits the sound wave. Highly reflective structures show up as a white acoustic echo on the screen, while non-reflective structures appear as a black echo on the screen.

As we know, few people read a textbook from cover to cover. Most read one or more chapters that they find interesting. With this in mind, we designed the book so that each chapter provides complete, illustrative knowledge in itself. Each chapter is related to the scanning of one particular organ in the abdomen, and each organ is discussed from a different point of view. In each chapter, there is a new update of knowledge or technique. All chapters contain ultrasound images of real patients in recent work, and they are organized in the way that sonographers

The content contained within this volume is relevant across many specialties, including radiology and internal medicine, and is useful for physicians and medical

We want to express our deep thanks to the authors and mentors who gave their own time, effort and experience to write their chapters; they are clear, straightforward and organized. Mostly, we thank all of our patients who allowed us to use their information and be our main tool in this illustrative book. We hope that all our efforts will contribute to relieving your suffering and improving your health.

waves returning to the transducer from a given direction.

ultrasound for detecting organ pathology.

usually follow in scanning.

residents and students alike.

pregnancy.
