2.Joint disorders

	- i.Disk displacement with reduction
	- ii.Disk displacement with reduction with intermittent locking
	- iii.Disk displacement without reduction with limited opening
	- iv.Disk displacement without reduction without limited opening

**93**

*Sleep and Orofacial Pain: Physiological Interactions and Clinical Management*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86770*

c. Hypermobility disorders

i.Subluxation

ii.Luxation

3.Joint diseases

1.Fibrous ankylosis

2.Osseous ankylosis

1.Closed dislocation

2.Recurrent dislocation

3.Ligamentous laxity

a.Degenerative joint diseases

i.Osteoarthrosis

ii.Osteoarthritis

c.Osteochondritis dissecans

g.Synovial chondromatosis

a.Closed fracture of condylar process

c.Open fracture of condylar process

5.Congenital/developmental disorders

d.Open fracture of subcondylar process

b.Closed fracture of subcondylar process

b.Condylolysis

d.Osteonecrosis

f. Neoplasm

a.Aplasia

b.Hypoplasia

c.Hyperplasia

4.Fractures

e. Systemic arthritis

	- i.Adhesions/adherence
	- ii.Ankylosis

*Sleep and Orofacial Pain: Physiological Interactions and Clinical Management DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86770*

	- i.Subluxation
	- ii.Luxation
		- 1.Closed dislocation
		- 2.Recurrent dislocation
		- 3.Ligamentous laxity

*Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea*

intervention [43, 55].

listed as follows.

1.Joint pain

a. Arthralgia

b.Arthritis

2.Joint disorders

*4.5.1 Temporomandibular joint disorders*

a.Disk-condyle complex disorders

b.Other hypomobility disorders

ii.Ankylosis

i.Adhesions/adherence

i.Disk displacement with reduction

ii.Disk displacement with reduction with intermittent locking

iii.Disk displacement without reduction with limited opening

iv.Disk displacement without reduction without limited opening

**4.5 Temporomandibular disorders**

neuropathic pain. A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain is essential to achieve new and more efficient personalized

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a general expression for pain, discomfort, and dysfunction of the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), or both. TMD is the most common orofacial pain condition excluding dental pain. The main complaints from patients are regional pain in the face and periauricular area, limitations in jaw movement, and noise from the TMJs during jaw movements. Its prevalence is up to 15% in adults and 7% in adolescents. Longterm pain is the most important reason why patients with TMD seek treatment. Psychological disabilities are often associated with TMD. As peripheral mechanisms most likely play a role in the onset of TMD, a detailed muscle examination is recommended. The persistence of pain involves more central factors, such as sensitization of the supra spinal neurons and second-order neurons at the level of the spinal dorsal horn/trigeminal nucleus, imbalanced antinociceptive activity, and strong genetic predisposition, which also is included in DC/TMD. The etiology is multifactorial and still not clearly understood, but several biological and psychosocial risk factors for TMD have been identified. We have several treatment approaches to face temporomandibular disorders, including behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and occlusal appliances. Evaluations indicated that the recently published Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) are reliable and valid. These criteria cover the most common types of TMD and can be

**92**

	- i.Osteoarthrosis
	- ii.Osteoarthritis
	- a.Closed fracture of condylar process
	- b.Closed fracture of subcondylar process
	- c.Open fracture of condylar process
	- d.Open fracture of subcondylar process
	- a.Aplasia
	- b.Hypoplasia
	- c.Hyperplasia
