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## IntechOpen Book Series Infectious Diseases Volume 2

Prof. Shailendra K. Saxena is vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests focus on understanding the molecular mechanisms of the host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies using Japanese encephalitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and oncogenic viruses as a model, via stem cell and cell culture technol-

ogies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (*Science*, *PNAS*, and *Nature Medicine*) with high citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad, including various Young Scientist Awards, the BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Fellows, and he has been named the "Global Leader in Science" by *The Scientist* magazine (USA) and "International Opinion Leader/Expert" involved in the vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).

**Book Series Editor and Editor of Volume 2: Shailendra K. Saxena** King George's Medical University

### Scope of the Series

The series will give a most comprehensive overview of recent trends in various infectious diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification), as well as general concepts of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology and etiology to current clinical recommendations in management of infectious diseases, highlighting the ongoing issues, recent advances, with future directions in diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is very important for safeguarding human race from more loss of resources and economies due to pathogens.

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus **17**

**Chapter 2 19**

**Chapter 3 33**

**Chapter 4 47**

Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus **67**

**Chapter 5 69** Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Human Papillomavirus-Induced Tumorigenesis *by Giorgio Mangino, Maria Vincenza Chiantore, Marco Iuliano, Lorena Capriotti,* 

Novel Insights in Human Papillomavirus Infection **91**

**Chapter 6 93** Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Males: A Need for More Awareness

*by Nicolae Bacalbasa, Irina Balescu, Ioan Suciu, Simona Dima and Nicolae Suciu*

*by Andrés F. Cardona, Alejandro Ruiz-Patiño, Luisa Ricaurte, Leonardo Rojas,* 

Recent Advances in Human Papillomavirus Infection and Management *by Shailendra K. Saxena, Swatantra Kumar, Madhu Mati Goel, Apjit Kaur* 

**Section 1**

Contents

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

*and Madan LB Bhatt*

Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer

Human Papillomavirus Infection and Lung Cancer

*Zyanya Lucia Zatarain-Barrón, Oscar Arrieta and Rafael Rosell*

*Luisa Accardi, Paola Di Bonito, Gianna Fiorucci and Giovanna Romeo*

*by Mohammed M. Manga, Adeola Fowotade and Mohammed Yahaya*

*by Kehinde Sharafadeen Okunade*

HPV Infection and Vulvar Cancer

## Contents



Preface

Globally, human papillomavirus (HPV) is one the most sexually transmitted infectious agents. About 5% of all cancers are attributed to HPV with enormous cases of cervical and other sites of cancers. Global epidemiological and virological studies may help to understand the origin, evolution, carcinogenesis, and immunopathogenesis of HPV, which divulge the opportunities to effectively treat and prevent the global disease burden of HPV. The most prevalent HPV types (16 and 18) are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers, including precancerous cervical lesions. Identification of precancerous lesions during the screening of HPV cases allows us to effectively treat disease progression and combats at least 80% of cervical cancer cases in developed countries. However, the limited access of preventive measures in developing countries often results in poor early detection and treatment. In addition, the scarcity of advanced levels of treatment during later stages of infection is

*Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus* covers a collection of articles by brilliant researchers who have devoted their time to combat HPV. This book gives a comprehensive overview of recent advances in HPV, as well as general concepts of molecular biology of HPV infections, epidemiology, immunopathology, prevention, and current clinical recommendations in the management of HPV. It examines novel insights into future directions in the prevention and therapeutic strategies that control HPV infection in developed and developing countries. The book also focuses on various aspects and properties of HPV, whose deep understanding is very important for safeguarding the human race from further loss of resources and economies due to pathogens. This book aims to target the interdisciplinary experts of medicines, including researchers, gynecologists, pathologists, microbiologists, oncologists, healthcare physicians, epidemiologists, policy makers, and funding agencies. This book will be a part of the book series "Infectious Diseases," series

I anticipate that this work will augment attention in this field of research and prospective readers will irrefutably find it useful for their clinical usage, management, and further exploration. I would like to thank our contributors, colleagues, family, and friends who gave us a lot of encouragement and support during the production

> **Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena** Vice Dean and Professor, Centre for Advance Research,

> > Lucknow, India

King George's Medical University (KGMU),

limited, which results in a higher morbidity profile.

editor Shailendra K. Saxena.

of this book.
