**Thanks**


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**Author details**

Andrew Kiboneka1

\* and Dan Kibuule2

Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences,

2 Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of

\*Address all correspondence to: akiboneka@yahoo.com; akiboneka@unam.na

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*The Immunology of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86964*

*The Immunology of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86964*

*Rhinosinusitis*

for asthma.

**4. Conclusions**

the inflammatory process via the APC, lymphocytes, and cytokine cascades (i.e., IL-3, IL-4, and IL-5). Until, then the immune system is not yet sensitized to the allergen. Following sensitization, further exposures initiate the inflammatory/aller-

Upper and lower airways are considered a unified morphological and functional unit, and the connection existing between them has been observed for many years, both in health and in disease [35]. The respiratory system is integrated, and thus the allergic diseases of the lower (i.e., asthma) and the upper respiratory tract (allergic rhinitis) have similar pathogenesis and should be considered as one. Indeed, precious studies have shown an overlap in the clinical presentation of these two diseases where patients with allergic rhinitis are at risk

Asthma and allergic rhinitis are a complex heterogeneous group of airway diseases that affects both children and adults worldwide. Through the use of molecular and cellular immunology, conceptual shifts have been made in the understanding of these diseases involving both innate and adaptive immunity as well examination of airway epithelial changes that occur with asthma, evolving into personalizedtargeted therapy for asthma in view of these mechanisms. Allergic rhinitis is the most common of all atopic diseases, and although it can develop at any age, most patients report the onset of symptoms before 30 years of age, making it the most

i.Professor Russel Hopp. Omaha. Nebraska, USA (tutor during allergy/ immunology fellowship at Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA)

ii.Professor Peter Nyarango. Dean. School of Medicine. University of Namibia.

i.To my wife Priscilla and children Valeria, Rhonah, Ronnie, and Victoria

ii.To my parents Dr. and Mrs. Gad Kiboneka (for their inspiration and

(for their loving support and encouragement).

gic response and clinical presentation of allergic rhinitis.

*3.3.3 United airway hypothesis/disease*

common chronic disorder in children.

Windhoek, Namibia

No conflict of interest to declare.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

educating me).

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**Thanks**
