*3.1.8 IL-33*

*Rhinosinusitis*

[13, 14].

*3.1.4 Eosinophils*

*3.1.5 Basophils*

present only in the tissue.

cytotoxicity (ADCC) hypersensitivity reacyions.

immune system, despite being lymphoid cells [19, 20].

*3.1.6 Natural killer cells*

*3.1.7 NKT cells*

CD1.

receptors.

asthma:

molecules including the vasoactive amine, which are released on mast cell-activated and are involved in the pathogenesis of bronchoconstriction in asthmatic airways

A type of white blood cell containing granules that stain with eosin and is an effector cell in asthma as well as produces cytokines, e.g., IL-5 [15, 16]. In the airway of asthmatic patients, eosinophil-derived mediators of inflammation, including eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), major basic protein (MBP), and lysophospholipase (LPL), are toxic to the respiratory epithelium contributing to the

A type of white blood cell containing granules that stain with basic dyes. Basophils are non-phagocytic granulocytes. In response to binding of circulating antibodies, basophils release their contents including histamine which cause smooth muscle contraction in asthmatic airways as well as increasing blood permeability which may account for edema of the airways in asthma and inflammation [17, 18]. Basophils and mast cells release mediators of immediate hypersensitivity, e.g., histamine. Basophils are present in the blood stream, whereas mast cells are

A type of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) that is important in innate immunity to viruses and other intracellular pathogens and in antibody-dependent cellular

They do not express antigen receptors and are considered part of the innate

Is another type of cell in the lymphoid lineage that shares features with both conventional T lymphocytes and NK cells like T cells; NKT cells have T-cell receptors (TCRs) and some express CD4. Unlike most T cells, however, the TCRs of NKT cells are not very diverse and recognize specific lipids and glycolipids presented by a molecule related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins called

Like their innate immune counterparts, NK cells, NKT cells have antibody

with the capacity to amplify adaptive immune responses in asthma [7–9, 21].

as having an important role in asthma pathogenesis. These cytokines have been described as epithelial-derived alarmins that activate and potentiate the innate and humoral arms of the immune system in the presence of actual or perceived damage. TSLP is increased in asthmatic airways, mast cells and in the lungs is produced

mainly by airway epithelial cells. In addition, these three cytokines can generate a H2 cytokine profile independent of the adaptive immune system. TSLP is a

NKT cells are considered as a cell subset belonging to the innate immune system

Defining the roles of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25, and IL-3 in human

IL-25, IL-33, and TLSP are epithelial-derived cytokines and have been identified

immune pathogenesis of asthma in both children and adults [16].

**122**

Interleukin-33 (IL-33), which belongs to the larger family of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, has been considered as an "alarmin" [22–24]. It is released to alert the immune system by first-line cells, such as tissue epithelial cells.
