**7.3 Emphysematous pyelonephritis**

A life-threatening necrotizing infection of renal parenchyma and perinephric area, if not treated, can be fatal. Common bacteria are *E. coli*, *Klebsiella pneumoniae*, *Proteus* and *Pseudomonas*, and rarely fungi are common in patients with diabetes mellitus. It can be managed by percutaneous drainage and antibiotic and supportive care [26]**.**
