**8. Summary**

Amniotic fluid embolism remains an elusive disease with catastrophic outcomes. The pathophysiology remains unclear even with new research developments over the last 10 years. However, the theory that the syndrome may be caused by an abnormal maternal proinflammatory response incited by fetal components is promising. The variation in maternal response to fetal and amniotic components present in the maternal circulation may provide useful information and requires further investigation. Various laboratory tests and biomarkers have been proposed that may aid in diagnosis of an AFE; however, there is no gold standard diagnostic test available at this time. AFE remains a diagnosis of exclusion and relies on clinical judgment. A high level of suspicion in laboring or postpartum women with acute cardiopulmonary compromise or coagulopathy is required for optimal maternal and fetal outcomes.
