−p < 0.05 in between the indices in the 2nd and 3rd phases.

**Table 5.** Reactivity (%) of parameters of heart rate variability during regulated breathing (6 times/min) in different phases of the biological cycle of women (median, borders of 25 and 75 percentiles).

In this regard, a detailed analysis of the distribution of waves of the cardiac rhythm in it was performed on a normalized median spectrogram.

#### **6. Discussion**

As for the phases of the menstrual cycle, Princi from the sing did not find changes in the heart rate in three phases [47]. However, in our study, analyzing the heart rate reactivity, we found that in the luteal phase, an increase in the power of low frequency waves of heart rate was observed, which was significantly higher than the amplitude of their decrease in the ovulatory phase. Also, in the 3rd phase, there was a significant increase in the maximum peak in the frequency range of 0.04–0.15 Hz (60.8%).

According to Princi with singing, the total power of the spectrum and its high frequency part increased in the folliculin phase and decreased during the luteal phase.

Leicht et al. noted a high heart rate in the ovulation phase at a constant level of all endogenous hormones, and even the variability of the heart rate was the same in different phases of the cycle. However, they identified the correlation between the level of estrogen and the absolute expression of HRV in ovulation. The correlations found between the peak of estrogen and HRV are attributed to the cardioprotective effect of hormones in healthy women.

Tanaka et al. (2003) believe that the cardiovascular reflex may be damaged depending on the level of estradiol Guasti (1999) studying autonomic function in the normal ovulatory cycle and evaluating HRV sensitivity of baroreceptors in healthy women. They found increased sympathetic activity in the second phase of the cycle. This gave reason to speak of different baro-reflex sensitivity in different phases of the cycle.

Investigating the state of hemodynamics and HRV in the studied group of women in different conditions, it was found that the nature of the distribution of spectral power in different phases of the CMC is significantly different. At rest, the phase I is characterized by one peak at a frequency of 0.1 Hz, and for II and III phases, there are two peaks that can have different mechanisms of origin [47]. Moreover, in the third phase, the wave at frequency 0.08 Hz, which according to the experimental data characterize the functioning of the baroreflex [22], is most pronounced. These results largely coincide with the conclusions of many authors that HRV is a genetically determined characteristic of a human body [9].

Princi [47] indicate that cardiointerval analysis is more appropriate to determine the slight variations in the VNS activity during the menstrual cycle than the use of traditional indicators such as heart rate and arterial pressure. It should be noted that the phase of the ovarian cycle can significantly affect the HRV in women of reproductive age, both at rest and in psycho-emotional stress (features of the cardiovascular system in different phases of the menstrual cycle) [28]. In our study, we found that during the neurodynamic load, significant adaptive changes in vegetative regulation in the follicular phase were observed, while the lowest reactivity and inhibition of the functional state of the organism were characteristic of the luteal phase of the CMC. In this case, in the conditions of a 10-minute neurodynamic test in the feedback mode using the method MV Makarenko, the number of processed signals was significantly higher in phase I (1533 [1309, 1642] signal) compared with II and III ([1438 [1219, 1573] signal) phases (p < 0.05). We believe that such changes in mental performance are due to changes in the hormonal status in the body of women. We also found that in the first phase, the difference between the ratio of correct answers of the right (52 [50, 54]%) and the left (48 [46, 50]%) hands was highly reliable (p < 0.01), while in ІІ and ІІІ phases was leveled (p < 0.501 and 0.223, respectively). Such a pattern indicates the possibility of changes in the degree of domination of the cerebral hemispheres during the menstrual cycle.

In this regard, a detailed analysis of the distribution of waves of the cardiac rhythm in it was

**Table 5.** Reactivity (%) of parameters of heart rate variability during regulated breathing (6 times/min) in different

As for the phases of the menstrual cycle, Princi from the sing did not find changes in the heart rate in three phases [47]. However, in our study, analyzing the heart rate reactivity, we found that in the luteal phase, an increase in the power of low frequency waves of heart rate was observed, which was significantly higher than the amplitude of their decrease in the ovulatory phase. Also, in the 3rd phase, there was a significant increase in the maximum peak in the

performed on a normalized median spectrogram.

phases of the biological cycle of women (median, borders of 25 and 75 percentiles).

frequency range of 0.04–0.15 Hz (60.8%).

**6. Discussion**

**Indicator Phases of the cycle**

18 Highlights on Hemodynamics

−p < 0.05 in comparison with indicators in phase I.

cycle of women (median, borders 25, 75 percentiles).

−p < 0.05 in comparison with indicators in phase I.

−p < 0.05 in between the indices in the 2nd and 3rd phases.

**Indicator Phases of cycle**

−p < 0.05 in between the indices in the 2nd and 3rd phases.

\*

#

aLF, мs<sup>2</sup>

\*

#

**І ІІ ІІІ** VLF −15.8 [−49.5; 43.5] −20.4 [−57.5; 25.8] −8.9 [−46.3; 64.8]

HF −73.4 [−88.7; −3.5] −70.8 [−85.5; −1.3] −73.3 [−83.4; −5.2]

fLF −8.5 [−45.8; 20.3] −5.8 [−27.5; 14.7] −19.6 [−38.4; 19.6] HFnorm −56.5 [−65.9; −39.2] −50.8 [−60.6; −34.3] −49.3 [−64.3; −40.9] TP −38.7 [−59.5; 0] −41.3 [−71.2; 7.3] −35.7 [−52.6; 32.5]

**Table 4.** Reactivity (%) of heart rate variability parameters at orthopedic examination in different phases of the biological

**І ІІ ІІІ** VLF, мs<sup>2</sup> 74.4 [2.38; 147.47] 2.68 [−46.24; 98.00]\* −29.13 [−51.01; 29.53]# LF, мs<sup>2</sup> 33.1 [13.48; 43.05] 38.36 [18.76; 57.03] 42.09 [20.9; 59.59]# HF, мs<sup>2</sup> 19.0 [10.96; 35.32] 20.90 [13.83; 33.71] 21.98 [14.36; 33.03]

/Hz 1850 [905; 2949] 1966 [545; 3034]\* 2195 [1070; 4148]# HFnorm, % −56.2 [−64.07; −28.71] −52.44 [−67.53; −33.49] −52.38 [−71.19; -40.89] TPover, мs<sup>2</sup> 77.6 [8.24; 220.25] 62.10 [6.06; 172.36]\* 90.79 [46.71; 171.50]#

[−35; 71.8]

[−2.2; 228.6]

LF −1.4 [−35.6; 60.8] −21.7 [−59.2; 29.7] 27.6#

aLF 14.1 [−21.5; 127] 24 [−38.4; 88.3] 60.8#

However, the study by Grossman et al. [45] found no differences in the parameters of the wave structure of arterial pressure and heart rate when performing orthopedic and stimulating carotid sinus in women in different phases of the CMC.

In a study by Lawrence et al., studies, for 10 completely healthy women, it was found that spontaneous baroreflectory sensitivity increases during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase.

By analyzing the distribution of cardiac heart rate wavelengths by normalized median spectrogram, we found that normalized spectral power in the range of low heart rate rhythms at orthodontic tests in men and women significantly differed at frequencies of 0.08 and 0.1 Hz. The latter can testify to the sexual characteristics of spontaneous baro-reflex sensitivity, a certain difference in the genesis of these waves.

groups: sympatotonic with a level up to 44% (19 people), norm tonics within the range of

Functioning of the Cardiovascular System of Women in Different Phases of the Ovarian…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79633

21

Probable differences in blood pressure levels between individuals of these typological groups were mainly found by diastolic blood pressure. So at rest, lying in the first phase of the CMC in BT, this indicator was higher than that of CT. At orthogonal testing of ATD in the 3rd phase of OMC in NT and VH was higher than in CT. Such shifts in values are also confirmed by the analysis of the reactivity of this indicator in the transition to orthostatic position. In BT, it is probably lower than CT in the first phase of CMC. While in the third phase of CMC in ST, there was no probable increase in comparison with the level of resting lying, and then in VT,

Thus, experimental studies have shown that an integrated approach to the study of individual-typological characteristics of central hemodynamics and its wave manifestations in women in different phases of the CMC gives an opportunity to answer a number of questions

**1.** Theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature has shown that there are certain contradictions in the results of various studies of the variability of the heart rate in women in different phases of the ovarian-menstrual cycle and the interpretation of their

**2.** In a state of rest in women, there are changes in the levels of systolic blood pressure and blood pressure in the central luteal phase of the OC compared with the follicular and ovulatory phases. The analysis of cardiac rhythm reactivity during ortho-trial in the luteal phase was characterized by an increase in the power of low frequency waves of heart rate, as well as a significant increase in the maximum peak in the frequency range of

**3.** Lying alone, with orthogonal and psychoemotional stress, there are basically differences in the parameters of the vibration duration of the interval R-R and UOC and their synchronization in women in ovulatory and luteinous phases compared to follicle. There is a significant link between Mayer's wave power and median and diastolic pressure, mainly in the women's follicular phase of CMC in all conditions. The maximum peak amplitude of the UOC spectrograph in the range of 0.04–0.15 Hz is most closely related to the levels of APm and APd.

Department of Theory and Methods of Teaching of Natural Sciences, Hlukhiv National

Based on the results of the study, we formulated the following conclusions:

mechanisms, individually its changes to different loads.

Address all correspondence to: olena85lutsenko@gmail.com

Pedagogical University of Alexander Dovzhenko, Hlukhiv, Ukraine

44–60%, and vagogonics from 60% (26 people).

this increase was not natural.

that arise in this case.

0.04–0.15 Hz (60.8%).

**Author details**

Olena Lutsenko

The presence of two peaks can indicate two impacts on the heart rate spectrograph. Yes, there are two theories of wave formation in the low frequency region. The first is the effect of the functioning of the baroreflector mechanism of regulation of arterial pressure [60], and the second is the influence of the endogenous rhythm generator. In studies by Cooley et al. [27] evaluated the spectra of fluctuations in blood pressure and RR intervals in patients with implanted artificial left ventricle. After a short time after implantation (1 and 15 months), there were no slow waves in the arterial pressure spectra, and in the spectra of RR-intervals of their own heart, slow fluctuations "became apparent and dominant." The endogenous oscillator is likely to capture the rhythm of waves caused by the activity of the baro-reflex mechanism, which is a manifestation of the fundamental natural synchronization phenomenon [61], and in this case, the frequency of both the baroreflex and the oscillator is the same or slightly different.

A probable increase in the level of blood pressure in the 3rd phase compared with the 2nd and even the greater is the phase I, indicating an increase in the tone of the sympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system and is consistent with the literature data (Princi et al., 2005). Some authors [52] point out the individual peculiarities of autonomic regulation in women and predict the relative stability of the type of autonomous regulation and its genetic determinism. However, there are certain contradictions. Thus, Japanese scientists [43] observed an increase in the value of LF, which reflects the effect of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic VSS on the level of AT in both I and II phases.

But Princi and sang. (Princi et al., 2005) found opposite data, that is, the growth of LF in phase I and its decline in III. But only six women were screened and therefore, in our opinion, data for statistical processing are not enough. Lucini and sang (Lucini et al., [6]) noted an increase in blood pressure in the 2nd phase. In this case, the content of sex hormones did not change. It is also noted that the HRV indices did not change in any phase of CMC. However, a correlation between the content of estrogen and the absolute peak of HRV in the 2nd phase was identified. The found correlation is attributed to the cardiotropic effect of sex hormones. The autonomic nervous system plays a significant role in the processes of adaptation of the organism, and resulting in its functional state is very variable. Dependence of types of hemodynamics from the initial vegetative tone is considered in some diseases of the cardiovascular system. Establishing this relationship in the norm allows us to clarify algorithms for diagnosing the adaptive capacity of the organism, since they depend not only on the initial level of functioning of the system and functional reserves, which are most often used in medical-pedagogical control and preventive medicine, but also from the level of voltage regulatory systems, which is practically not taken into account.

In our study, we measured the level of vegetative tone with the HFnorm. Analysis of the distribution of this indicator in the first phase of CMC allowed to distinguish three typological groups: sympatotonic with a level up to 44% (19 people), norm tonics within the range of 44–60%, and vagogonics from 60% (26 people).

Probable differences in blood pressure levels between individuals of these typological groups were mainly found by diastolic blood pressure. So at rest, lying in the first phase of the CMC in BT, this indicator was higher than that of CT. At orthogonal testing of ATD in the 3rd phase of OMC in NT and VH was higher than in CT. Such shifts in values are also confirmed by the analysis of the reactivity of this indicator in the transition to orthostatic position. In BT, it is probably lower than CT in the first phase of CMC. While in the third phase of CMC in ST, there was no probable increase in comparison with the level of resting lying, and then in VT, this increase was not natural.

Thus, experimental studies have shown that an integrated approach to the study of individual-typological characteristics of central hemodynamics and its wave manifestations in women in different phases of the CMC gives an opportunity to answer a number of questions that arise in this case.

Based on the results of the study, we formulated the following conclusions:

