**2. Definition of CUD**

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) [7] defines CUD as any 2 of 11 diagnostic criteria (**Table 1**), which include hazardous use of the drug (e.g. driving while under the influence), taking the drug in larger/longer amounts than intended, preoccupation with cannabis, unsuccessful efforts to cut down, drug tolerance, neglecting major roles to use, and social/interpersonal problems related to use. While the DSM-IV included two categories, including both abuse (putatively lower severity) and dependence (putatively higher severity), research supports a dimensional one-factor model, indicating that CUD can best be described as a unidimensional construct [8]. The number of endorsed criteria serves as a disorder severity marker: mild (2–3 criteria), moderate (4–5 criteria) and severe (6+ criteria) CUD [7]. Criteria for craving as well as withdrawal were added in the DSM-5, with 60% endorsement of craving and over 30% reporting withdrawal symptoms in past-year individuals with CUD [9].
