**Part 3**

**Non-Medication Interventions** 

192 Current Directions in ADHD and Its Treatment

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**10** 

**ADHD and Stress:** 

*1SJ Grosswald & Associates* 

*United States* 

**and Improve Brain Function** 

**and Behavior Regulation** 

Sarina J. Grosswald1 and Fred Travis2

*2Center for Brain, Consciousness and Cognition* 

**The Role of Meditation to Reduce Stress,** 

The number of children worldwide diagnosed with ADHD increases every year. As information about the medical risks associated with ADHD medication is becoming more widely understood, it is not surprising that large numbers of parents are seeking alternative therapies as a response to concerns about the physiological and psychological effects of the

A growing number of clinicians also support alternative therapies, arguing that an emphasis on medical therapy alone focuses only on control of symptoms, rather than attending to the need for children to develop important behavioral and social skills (Zametkin, & Ernst, 1999). While the use of alternative approaches such as yoga, meditation, exercise, special diets, and nutritional supplements for treating children with ADHD is becoming widespread, little is known about the effectiveness of many of these approaches. There is a growing body of research on the beneficial effects of meditation on health risks, psychosocial factors, and on brain development. However there is little published research about the use of meditation

ADHD is associated with impaired executive function, specifically brain circuitry governing behavior (Bush, et al., 2005; Durston, et al., 2004; Zametkin, et al., 1993). Dysfunction of these circuits leads to impulsivity and lack of normal social inhibition. It also leads to impaired

Stress interferes with executive function and behavior regulation (McEwen, 1998). Stressimpaired executive function is associated with impaired working memory, impaired impulse control, and lack of mental flexibility and coping strategies. Stress also dramatically compromises selective attention and the ability to sustain attention (Lupien, et al., 2005).

working memory, inability to focus attention, and impaired temporal organization.

**1. Introduction** 

drugs.

for ADHD.

**2. Stress, anxiety and ADHD** 
