**7. Conclusion**

VD deficiency in renal patients has been a burning issue in nephrology for many years. Yet, many questions remain unanswered. Of particular interest are the effect on VD treatment on clinical outcomes, especially death and cardiovascular events; VD-associated adverse events in CKD; VD pleiotropy in renal disease (randomized controlled prospective interventional studies are needed); the use of novel therapeutic agents should be further evaluated (vitamin K, new VDA, calcifediol). In addition, new biomarkers, evaluating bone health in CKD and new techniques, evaluating BMD and fracture risk may guide VD treatment more accurately. Therefore, new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can be expected in the future.
