**Author details**

Jenson Mak1,2

*Vitamin D Deficiency*

**8. Conclusions**

**Figure 5.**

**Author Note**

risk of falls and associated fractures.

*history was noted amongst the quintiles of 25(OH)D3 levels [38].*

Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble hormone with multiple positive pleiotropic effects on the human bodies besides the optimisation on bone health. The evidence for ensuring high-risk groups such as pregnant women, children and those from the Middle East and African countries is vitamin D replete with either dietary, sunlight or combination with appropriate vitamin D supplements at moderate doses. For community-dwelling older adults with a history of falls, osteoporosis and/or fractures, there is still evidence for a good safety profile for moderate dosages (either through an initial single-dose bolus followed by daily low-dose or regular moderate daily or monthly dosages). The author does not recommend regular high-dose bolus (>500,000 IU bolus) or greater than 50,000 IU monthly given its possible increased

*The rate of falls was 60% in the lowest quintile <25 ng/ml (<50 nmol/L), 21% in the low-middle quintile 32-38 ng/ml (80-95 nmo/L), 72% in the high middle quintile 38-46 ng/ml (95-115 nmo/L) and 45% in the highest quintile 46-66 ng/ml (115-165 nmol/L). A similar U-shaped pattern in the subgroup with a previous falls* 

The author dedicates this chapter to his eldest son Johann, for his constant bravery, courage, diligence and dedication to his sport, studies and in life, and to his

mother Demi, for her constant reminder to strive for perfection.

**102**

1 John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

2 Healthy Ageing - Mind & Body - Vitality, NSW, Australia

\*Address all correspondence to: jenson.mak@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
