*4.2.3.3 Other neoplasms*

The results about the influence of VD on the risk for other malignancies are controversial. A large study (*n* = 70,563) evaluated the association of 25VD levels on the risk for prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, and neuroblastoma. 25VD concentrations did not correspond to the risk for any of the mentioned neoplasias. Therefore, the authors do not support the regular VD screening as an attempt for cancer prevention [62]. In addition, a large multicenter study in patients on hemodialysis also did not demonstrate significant association between total cancer prevalence and VD deficiency [63].

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disease that often presents with kidney manifestations. Several studies reported high rates of VD deficiency in MM patients and specific alleles for VDR were associated with higher risk for MM [64, 65]. Lauter and Schmidt-Wolf established that lower VD levels were associated with more expressed plasma cell infiltration of the bone marrow. In this study, VD supplementation improved anemia, led to higher white blood cell and lower platelet count [66]. Yet, the risk for hypercalcemia should be taken into consideration when VD supplementation is applied in MM patients.
