Meet the editors

Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career

goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American Federation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award" from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award" awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine" by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.

Dr. Omer Engin is an Associate Professor of General Surgery at Health Sciences University, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Surgery Department, Turkey. He has authored many international articles, chapters, and congress papers and has served as a book editor for internationally published books and as an organizing committee member in a number of international conferences. He is an Organisation Scientific Committee Member

in the International Medical Society Scientific Committee and Athens Institute for Education and Research. He serves as an editorial board member and as a reviewer in several international medical and surgical scientific journals. His specializations are: endocrine surgery, hepatobiliary surgery, bariatric surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, and oncologic surgery.

Contents

Cardiac Hepatopathy

*and Emilio Fábrega*

*by Mauro Borzio and Elena Dionigi*

*by Filippo Banchini and Patrizio Capelli*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 15**

**Chapter 3 49**

**Chapter 4 61**

**Chapter 5 87**

**Chapter 6 103**

**Chapter 7 129**

**Chapter 8 151**

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatoblastoma: An Update *by Chengzhan Zhu, Bingzi Dong, Xin Chen and Qian Dong*

Stroke and Liver Cirrhosis: A Brief Review of Current Evidence *by Kexin Zheng, Xiaozhong Guo, Xinhong Wang and Xingshun Qi*

*Patricia Huelin, Inés García, Marta Mayorga, Raul Pellon, Javier Crespo* 

*by Jose Ignacio Fortea, Ángela Puente, Antonio Cuadrado,* 

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Pharmacological Aspect *by Mani Sharma, Neeraj Kumar Chouhan and Sandeep Vaidya*

Acute on Chronic Liver Failure: Role of the Bacterial Infections

Left Side Gallbladder: Clinical and Anatomical Implication

Stereotactic Image-Guidance for Ablation of Malignant Liver Tumors *by Iwan Paolucci, Raluca-Maria Sandu, Pascale Tinguely, Corina Kim-Fuchs, Martin Maurer, Daniel Candinas, Stefan Weber and Anja Lachenmayer*

Early Postoperative Monitoring of the Liver Graft *by Demetrio V. Pérez Civantos, Alicia Muñoz Cantero, Manuel Robles Marcos, Francisco Fuentes Morillas, María A. Santiago Triviño, María O. Cerezo Arias, María D. Pérez Frutos and Alberto Córdoba López*

## Contents



Preface

The liver is the major organ in which our body's metabolic activities are carried out. Food is digested in the gastrointestinal tract and absorbed by the small intestines. These absorbed foods come to the liver through the venous circulation of the small intestines. The liver takes these foods through the portal vein and transforms them into a shape that the body can use, and delivers them to the vena cava and from there to the systemic circulation via hepatic veins. This circulation between the

The vena porta is the main venous structure that brings blood flow from the intestines to the liver. The vena porta is formed by the union of three venous structures. These structures are splenic vein, vena mesenterica superior, and vena mesenterica

This portal circulation is an important way to carry the absorbed foods to the liver, as well as for infections and cancer to metastasize by the venous spread. In appendicitis, the infection reaches the liver, causing pylephlebitis. In bowel cancer, cancer cells entering the mesenterica inferior vein or mesenterica superior vein go towards the liver due to portal venous flow, therefore the place where colon cancer most metastasizes is the liver. When these metastatic masses reach a certain size, they enter the venous circulation of the liver, from here to the vena cava and from there to the right ventricle. The blood entering the right ventricle goes from here to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Cancer cells are retained in the lung microcircula-

Metabolic events in the liver increase the temperature of the liver. The liver is a warmer organ than normal body temperature. The heat that occurs as a result of metabolic events is distributed throughout the body due to blood circulation.

There are many diseases of the liver. Metabolic diseases, neoplastic diseases, hepatopathy due to cardiac pathologies, infective diseases such as Hepatitis E, cirrhosis, etc. are present. These diseases can lead to impaired liver function and cause

Neoplastic diseases can be benign or malignant. Malignant diseases can be primary or secondary. The most common secondary malignant neoplastic disease is metastatic cancer caused by colorectal cancer. Diagnosis can be made by radiological imaging. These methods include computerised tomography and MRI. A percutaneous liver biopsy may be required for diagnosis. Surgical metastasectomy or regular

Some organs in our body are double and some organs are single. For example, there are two kidneys in the body. The liver is a single. An amazing feature of the liver is that each tissue part of the liver performs the same function. In other words, if a part of the liver is removed, the other parts of the liver do the same job, so there will be no significant change in function. In order for the remaining liver to function properly after liver resection, the remaining liver (FLR) must be of sufficient

intestines and the liver is called Hepatic Portal Circulation.

tion and metastatic masses form in the lung.

metabolic complications in the human body.

inferior.

volume.
