**3. Technical University of Berlin heritages**

Technical University (TU) of Berlin had launched six microsatellites between 1991 and 2007. During such time, the university had provided microsatellite development capacity building to Morocco and Indonesia. However, only Indonesia (Satellite Technology Center) had developed its second generation of microsatellites. **Tables 3** and **4** provide samples of microsatellite systems used for the comparison considering the development and operation time of the satellites. The microsatellite parameters from the TU Berlin heritage shown in **Table 3** are from DLR-TUBSAT and MAROC-TUBSAT, and in **Table 4** are from LAPAN-TUBSAT and two Indonesian built satellites, that is, LAPAN-ORARI and LAPAN-IPB. Additionally, the four satellite structure drawings are presented in **Figures 4** and **5** [24–29] for the comparison of structural design.

The author should describe the key differences among the four structure designs presented in **Figures 4** and **5**.

As shown in **Figures 4** and **5**, for the TU Berlin satellite heritage, the components are laid out in boxes. For DLR-TUBSAT and Maroc-TUBSAT, they are modular boxes (ACS, payload, power, etc.). Meanwhile, in LAPAN's satellite series, the boxes are integrated in lower and upper compartments of the same structure. The boxes were made from aluminum plates and therefore function as load bearing structure. The solar panels are directly attached to the outer part of the boxes.



#### **Table 3.**

*Sample for the Technical University of Berlin microsatellite system design.*
