**5. Satellite system architectures for 5G cellular phone applications**

Sections 5.1 and 5.2 present a notional satellite system architecture using AdBPS-DCBS satellite payload and AR-OBPS satellite system architecture for 5G cellular phone applications, respectively.

#### **5.1 AdBPS-DCBS satellite system architecture for 5G applications**

AdBPS-DCBS satellite payload can be used to support 5G users. There are potentially two satellite system architecture options for using AdBPS-DCBS satellite payload to support 5G mobile user equipment (aka 5G-UE), namely AdBPS-DCBS Option 1 and AdBPS-DCBS Option 2. For AdBPS-DCBS Option 1, the AdBPS-DCBS satellite provides communication services directly to 5G-UEs. While in AdBPS-DCBS Option 2, the satellite provides services to 5G-UEs through the 5G relay nodes (RNs). **Figure 18** illustrates the AdBPS-DCBS satellite system architecture for (a) AdBPS-DCBS Option 1 and (b) AdBPS-DCBS Option 2 [15].

**Figure 18(a)** shows that the AdBPS-DCBS satellite requires new radio (NR) interfaces between (1) AdBPS-DCBS satellite and terrestrial gateway (GW) and (2) AdBPS-DCBS satellite and 5G-UEs. In addition, it is also required a 5G narrow-band (gNB) processing station to process the 5G signals from the next generation core (NGC) network before passing the 5G data to public data network.

#### **5.2 AR-OBPS satellite system architecture for 5G applications**

Similar to AdBPS-DCBS satellite payload, AR-OBPS satellite payload can also be used to support 5G users. There are also two satellite system architecture options for using AR-OBPS payload to support 5G mobile user equipment, namely AR-OBPS Option 1 and AR-OBPS Option 2. For AR-OBPS Option 1, the AR-OBPS satellite provides communication services directly to 5G-UEs. For AR-OBPS Option 2, the satellite provides services to 5G-UEs through the 5G RNs. **Figure 19** describes these two AR-OBPS architecture options, namely (a) for AR-OBPS Option 1 and (b) for AR-OBPS Option 2. For these two system architecture options, the gNB processing is now incorporated into the AR-OBPS satellite payload and no longer required for the ground system. The GW now can pass the 5G data directly to the NGC. The

*AdDBPS-DCB satellite system architectures for supporting 5G users.*

#### **Figure 19.**

*AR-OBPS satellite system architectures for supporting 5G users.*

decoding-demodulation and encoding-modulation processing on-board of the satellite will be designed to align with the 5G waveform specifications, including 5G modulation and coding schemes.

**Figure 19(a)** shows that the AR-OBPS satellite also requires NR interfaces between (1) AR-OBPS satellite and GW and (2) AR-OBPS satellite and 5G-UEs. Similar to AdBPS-DCBS satellite system architecture options, the NR interfaces between the AR-OBPS satellite and 5G-UEs are new. Since the gNB processing is now placed at AR-OBPS satellite payload, the NR interfaces between AR-OBPS satellite and 5G-UEs are not the same as the AdBPS-DCBS satellite and 5G-UEs. To show the differences between the two, **Figures 19(a)** and **(b)** use Sat-NG-C and Sat-NG-U to indicate the new radio interface between (1) terrestrial GW-NGC-and-AR-OBPS satellite and (2) AR-OBPS satellite-and-terrestrial GW-NGC, respectively.
