**11. Conclusion**

*Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern*

**10.7 Helminthes components as vaccines**

immune responses [158]. In these vaccines enhanced innate and adaptive models suggests logical targeting of TH 2 cells through type 2 arm of immune response. These types will be future vaccines against the helminthes infections [161].

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) of various helminthes are heterogeneous type of membrane vesicles that are on the loose by different types of infecting organism. The EVs, as described in detail above, contain complex mixture of transcriptomic messages [162] for proteins, lipids, galectins and glycans [163, 164]. EVs are of three categories divided on cell of origin, molecular contents, function, physical characteristics, specific protein markers, and isolation techniques [165]. The immunomodulatory effects of excretory secretory molecules and EVs influences both parasite worm as well as in the host [74]. Studies on these molecules show that this unresolved issue of the formation, packaging, cargo transportation, nature and mechanism of interaction, functional spectrum, docking of molecules and fusion [82, 166]. Efficacious helminth vaccines are developed seldomly with wide contrasting technologies [152]. Following early immunization experiments on sheep showed there is a wide variety of concoctions processes that releases various antigens that act as vaccine formulation [167]. These crude methods of administration provided induced partial protective immunity. One example of H11 protein of *Haemonchus contortus* antigenicity show differential activity of native and recombinant proteins [152]. New vision on the helminth control is formulated to bring new infusion of technology in the helminth research by 2030. The sustainable goals includes; (i) advancement in global diagnostic tools, (ii) innovative vaccine control and breeding methodologies, (iii) anthelmintic with new compounds, (iv) rationalization in integrated future control [168]. Today very few vaccines of helminthic worms are available in veterinary stores. These include nematodes vaccines for cattle lungworm (*Dictyocaulus viviparus*) vaccine (Bovilis® Huskvac, MSD Animal Health), vaccine against the barber's pole worm (*Haemonchus contortus*) in sheep (Barbervax®, Wormvax Australia Pty Ltd.). Scientists are working hard to develop (experimental phase) vaccines against several helminthes species including; *Teladorsagia circumcincta* in sheep, *Ostertagia ostertagi* and *Cooperia oncophora* in cattle, and *Fasciola hepatica* in ruminants. If these promising trials yield fruitful, wider range helminthes vaccines with be shelved in in the future [169]. In Cestodes, two recombinant vaccines are available for *Echinococcus granulosus* in ruminants (Providean HidatilEG95®, Tecnovax) and for *Taenia solium* in pigs (Cysvax®) are marketed. Rapid progress in the domain of proteomics and glycomics, it seems that in near future more and more synthetic

Presence of double edged sword with poor immunogenicity and evasion phenomenon produced by the worms. Large number of immunomodulatory supplemental molecules, known as Adjuvants, are tried to enhance antigenic processing, recognition, antigen presentation (APC) and immune cell activation through the PAMPs and DAMPs presence. These supplemental material scan be divided into two classes: (i) adjuvants that facilitates vaccine delivery through Liposomes, nanogels, oil-in-water emulsions and (ii) virosomes that stimulates the immune system that includes molecules binding to intracellular receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors, and RIG-I–like receptors and to cytosolic

**176**

DNA sensors [170].

vaccines will be solved by 2030.

**10.8 Mucosal vaccine adjuvants**

The various kinds of parasitic diseases (GIT or hemo-parasites) mean continuous threat for goats and goat keepers in all over the world for goat Industry. The helminthiasis in caprine is one the prime problem for goat breeders and sheep breeders in the goat and sheep rearing community and countries. These parasites not only pose a problem to goat(s) but a continuous threat for serious damage to their lives causing weakened immune response, less resistance and a great chance for various kinds of parasites not only to harbor in the body of host (goat) but also find a safe place to multiply and reproduce. In parallel to these immune responses in body there is ever increasing demand of using and developing various anthelmintics and vermifuges to curb the ever increasing list of parasites. So the animal immunity or production of resistance either in form of breeds development or discovery of innovative broad spectrum medication or production of vaccines has always been in focus since old and have got a big importance. The immunity in body of host (goat and sheep) plays a very decisive role regarding the selection process against the specific parasites prevalent in the area or on the animal health and on the use of medication. There are or could be several factors in the background of immunity in the body of goat which has been demonstrated by various figures present in the test to understand the mechanism(s) happening in the body in real time. We as authors tried best to demonstrate the up dated knowledge in the chapter for the better understanding of viewers or scientists working or intending to work on very sensitive issue of immunity in the body of animal or goat.
