**3. Results**

Kinetic parameters of some antimicrobial drugs used in treatment of microbial infections in goats, goat-human extrapolated doses of some antimicrobials and halflife and tissue residues and withdrawal periods of some antimicrobials are presented in **Tables 1–3**, respectively.

**Chemical class Name**

**137**

Fluoroquinolone

Aminoglycoside

 Kanamycin

Amikacin

Fluoroquinolone

Levofloxacin

Ofloxacin

Enrofloxacin

Aminoglycoside

Fluoroquinolone

Ciprofloxacin

Norfloxacin

Gatifloxacin

Glycopeptide

Macrolide

Fluoroquinolone

Cephalosporin

Macrolide

Azithromycin

Erythromycin

Penicillin Danoxaline

 Mequindox

 i.v., i.m.

 7

1.8

99.8

 11.01

 2.94 0.67

 0.13

—

Broad spectrum

[40]

Ampicillin

i.v.

 4.2

 1.71

—

0.26

 0.04

 Ardi

Gram-positive/Gram-negative

[10]

microbes

(L/A)

 i.v., i.m.

 10

 1.41

 1.20

 98.83

 2.99

 1.53

—

 i.v., i.m.

 20

 45.2

 Cefpirome

 i.v., i.m.

 10

 2.09

 0.08

 75 92.2

——

 —

 10.97

 0.34

—

Surti

 Pefloxacin

 i.v. Oral

 20

 2.91

 0.50

 42

 2.22

 0.48

 2.3

 0.7

 10

 1.2

 021

—

——

 —

Tulathromycin

 Subcut

 25

 67.2

—

0.12

 0.02

 24

—

 Lincomycin

 i.v. i.m.

 10

 6.19

 0.25

—

5.63

 2.5 0.2

 0.16

 10

 9.99

 2.83

—

46.0

 7.06

—

 —

 i.v.

 5

 2.47

 0.08

—

——

 i.m.

 5

 5.24

 1.98

 66

 2.06

 0.42 0.77

 0.18 Pakistan native

 i.v.

 4

 1.63

 0.17

—

4.47

 0.33

—

Bengal

 Gentamicin

 i.v., i.m.

 5

 8.1

 94

—


 Markhor

Gram-negative

*Salmonella* spp.

Gram-negative

Anaerobes

Bacteria Bacteria

Bacteria

*E. coli* *E. coli* Gram-positive

Bacteria Bacteria

[38, 39]

[37]

[35]

[36]

[33, 34]

 spp.

*Unique Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Antimicrobials in Goats*

 spp.

 [29] [30–32]

 1.6

 i.v.

 5

 3.93

 0.46

—

15.53

 1.31

—

Egyptian native

 Wide spectrum of activities

 i.v.

 5

 6.20

 0.23

 32.5

 0.81

 0.00

—

Angora

 i.v.

 10

 4.04

 024

—

15.51

 1.41

—

Bengal

 i.v.

 10

 1.94

 0.10

—

——

Indian native

Gram-negative

*S. aureus* *S. aureus*

[6, 9,

27, 28]

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84551*

 bacilli

 i.v.

 5

 2.8

 0.02

—

33.6

 5.5

—

Teddy

Gram-negative

 bacilli

 [7, 8]

Levofloxacin

 Subcut

 1.25

 4.67

—

0.33

—

 —

Gram-negative

[26]

**Route**

 **Dose**

**T1**

**/2β (h)** 

**Bioavailability**

**Cmax**

**Tmax (h)**

 **Breed**

**Spectrum of activity**

 **References**

**(μg/ml)**

**(%)**

**(mg/kg)**


### *Unique Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Antimicrobials in Goats DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84551*

West African Dwarf, Black Bengal, Indian native, Murciano-Granadina, Angora, Red Sokoto, Boer and Nubian goats [4–13]. However, the diseases of goats include colibacillosis, salmonellosis, staphylococcosis and streptococcosis, among others [14]. Age, sex, dosage formulation, route of administration and dose of antimicrobials affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials in goats [13]. For example, female West African dwarf goats are more sensitive to

*Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern*

sulfadimidine than male West African dwarf goats [15]. There are also intraspecies differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of domestic goat (*Capra aegagrus hircus*) such as West African dwarf, Pakistan, Shiba, Netherland dwarf, Nubian, Red cross-breed, Angora, Boer, LaMancha, Oberhasli, Toggenburg as well as wild goats, *Capra aegagrus aegagrus* (bezoar ibex), *Capra aegagrus blythi* (Sindh ibex), *Oreamnos americanus* (mountain goat), *Capra aegagrus chialtanensis* (Chiltan ibex), *Capra aegagrus cretica* (kri-kri), *Capra aegagrus turcmenica* (Turkmen wild goat) and *Capra aegagrus pictus* [15–20]. However, *Capra aegagrus hircus* is the most popular domesticated from their wild progenitor, bezoar (*Capra aegagrus*)

sulfamethoxazole, aminopenicillins, cephalosporins and quinolones could cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome in humans that eat goat meat which has the drugs residues [23] and tissue residues above threshold (2 ppm) could be found in the skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, milk, brain, intestine, heart and lung of goats which could portend threat to public health [13]. Although goats are domesticated 10,500 years ago, the genomic regions differentiating domestic goats from wild goats are associated to genes of the nervous system, immunity and productivity traits; 20 are common to *Capra* and *Ovis* [24] indicating the possible relevance of pharmacogenomics which is the study of how genes affect animal response to drugs. Because of unprecedented emergence of resistant bacteria, there is a fervent need to develop new veterinary drugs [25] using both in vitro and in vivo data that have been generated from basic, translational and clinical research. Solubility and permeability affect pharmacokinetics of oral formulations of antimicrobials in

[21, 22]. Also, antimicrobials such as sulfonamides, trimethoprim-

goats. The formulations are tablet, capsule, solution, suspension, etc.

Intensive literature search was carried out with a view to identifying various chemical classes, dosage form, routes of administration, therapeutic doses, unique pharmacokinetic parameters such as elimination half-life, volume of distribution, bioavailability, concentration maximum, peak time, plasma concentration, minimum inhibitory concentration and spectrum of activities of various antimicrobials in various breeds of domestic and wild goats. Oral dose formulations of antimicrobials have been classified biopharmaceutically, and pharmacokinetic equations used for calculation of common pharmacokinetic parameters have been highlighted. Information on pharmacodynamic parameters, intraspecies and interspecies scaling, tissue residues, antimicrobial resistance, rehydration therapy and antimicrobial

Kinetic parameters of some antimicrobial drugs used in treatment of microbial infections in goats, goat-human extrapolated doses of some antimicrobials and halflife and tissue residues and withdrawal periods of some antimicrobials are presented

**2. Methodology**

**3. Results**

**136**

intoxication has been elucidated.

in **Tables 1–3**, respectively.


**Table 1.** **Antimicrobial**

**139**

Tulathromycin

Erythromycin

 i.m., i.

10, 15

30

1.00

 0.03

78

1.9

1.96

0.025

18

v.

Tylosin Pefloxacin

Ciprofloxacin

Cefpirome

 i.m., i.

v.

Lincomycin

Enrofloxacin

Norfloxacin

Gatifloxacin

Azithromycin

Mequindox

 i.m., i.

v.

Metronidazole

Kanamycin

Gentamicin

Streptomycin

Difloxacin

 i.m., i.

v.

Levofloxacin

Ofloxacin

 i.v.

 5

20

0.76

 0.04

70

1.50

1.63

0.023

8.7

 i.v.

 10

20

0.76

 0.04

65

1.70

1.68

0.026

15.4

 i.v.

 10

5

50.2

1.41

 0.03

55

1.70

1.54

0.028

5.4

30

1.00

 0.03

51.3

1.58

1.42

0.028

10.7

 i.v.

 2

20

0.76

 0.04

 i.v.

 5

30

1.00

 0.03

 i.m.

 30

33

1.07

 0.03

49.3

20 60

1.60

1.56

0.026

3.0

1.58

0.87

0.043

3.5

1.60

1.40

0.028

32

 i.v.

 20

7

30

1.00

 0.03

30

1.00

 0.03

43 48

1.53

1.35

0.028

7.5

1.58

1.30

0.030

20

 i.v.

 10

 i.m.

 5

30 20

0.76

 0.04

31.4

1.46

1.05

0.033

12.1

1.00

 0.03

35.5

1.46

1.13

0.031

4.8

 i.m.

 5

20

0.76

 0.04

 i.m.

 10

50

1.40

 0.03

44.8

44

1.63

1.34

0.030

6.7

*Unique Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Antimicrobials in Goats*

1.55

1.31

0.029

10.3

 i.v.

 10 10

32

1.04

 0.03

46.5

1.59

1.36

0.029

10.3

30

1.00

 0.03

 i.v.

 10

25

0.88

 0.04

51.3

48

1.48

1.32

0.028

10.7

1.58

1.42

0.028

14.3

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84551*

i.m.

 15

22

0.81

 0.04

72

1.85

1.85

0.026

23

 Subcut

 2.5

20

0.76

 0.04

78

1.9

1.96

0.025

4

 **Route**

 **Dose of drug**

**Weight of**

**BSA of goat**

**Goat Km**

**Weight of**

**Height of**

**BSA of**

**Human Km**

**Translated**

**dose (mg/kg)**

 **human**

> **human (m2**

**)**

**(m/kg)**

**human (m)**

**human (kg)**

**(m2**

**)**

**(m/kg)**

**(mg/kg)**

**goat (kg)**

*Kinetic parameters of some antimicrobial drugs used in treatment of microbial infections in goats.*

