**3.2 Parasite immune-modulators**

In each phase, parasite immunomodulators acts specific phase [14, 25]. Immune responses, against most DTHs, are initiated by vulnerability signals generated by initial indicator molecule. The pivotal role of pathogen- or damage-associated molecules patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs respectively) are recognized through receptors on myeloid cells [14]. These chemical identities are acknowledged directly to the physical presence of helminthes in goats' gut [25]. The parasitic induction by DAMPs and PAMPs signals are presented in following figure [14].

Helminthes and some of its products, released by them, can damage the epithelial layer, resulting in the release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and which ingresses in the intestine. DAMPs and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) can be sensed by receptors that are present on dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mϕ) [14, 26]. The attachment signals are followed by activation, and antigen presentation to appropriate lymphoid cells [27, 28]. These extracytosolic signals, transmitted as cytokines, influence the central hub of innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC 2) bundle that stimulates IL 25, IL 33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)—protein that enhances the maturation of myeloid (CD 11c) dendritic cells. The release of ILC 2 consequential provide signals to type 2 cytokines that amplifies immune type 2 reaction. This aids in the initiation and amplification of the type 2 immune response [29].
