**7. Extra-helminthes immune molecules**

Research studies on helminthes immune modulation system is more engrossed to find cytokine activation, release and mechanisms of cytokine-mediated effector functions. This all rely on the first immune recognition, probably PAMPs and DAMPs, and message of early immune response activation or even suppression. Later this signal is converted to sustained and regulatory immune response [14]. It is observed that in the early phase, limited inflammation occurs in the invading tissues which is overlooked by immunoregulatory milieu to evade, and survive [74]. One of the tool these invading parasites is are; (i) apoptotic processes against immune cells [75], (ii) manipulation of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), (iii) lowering of TH 1/TH 2 cells and (iv) associated cytokines activation [76]. Recently many goat helminthes shown to ubiquitous cog with the release of endocytologic extracellular vesicles (EV) on to cytoplasmic membrane in the intestinal Lamina propria. EVs are vesicles slashed out by different categories of cells which plays role in modulation of immune response to helminthic pathogenesis [77]. Depending on their sizes and origin, these are classified into three types; Microvesicles, Exosomes, and Apoptotic bodies. The exosomes range in size from 30 to 100 nm in diameter that are released by the cells. Microvesicles, however, also called ectosomes—shed 100–1000 nm vesicles or microparticles. Lastly apoptotic bodies are just 2–4 μm in size that are released by dying cells [78].
