**Acknowledgements**

*Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern*

*Haplogroups of Nepalese goats (haplogroups A–D). Source: [12].*

**Breed/population No. of goats per haplogroups Haplotype diversity** 

**A B1 B2 C D**

*Distribution of mtDNA haplogroups in Nepalese goat breeds/populations.*

These sequences were further compared with the published sequences of Asian domestic and wild goats to determine the relationship of Nepalese goats among goat resources in the region (Bhutan, Pakistan, India, and China). The results suggested that the genetic diversity and structure in mtDNA genome among indigenous Nepalese goats have been shaped not only by the intensive and continuous gene flow among goats distributed in middle and lowland in Nepal and geographical vicinity in India but also by the exchanges between goats found in high hill of Nepal (e.g.,

Chyangra 13 — 1 2 2 0.99 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 Sinhal 7 3 — — — 0.87 ± 0.09 0.03 ± 0.01 Khari—Ilam 11 1 — — — 0.86 ± 0.08 0.02 ± 0.01 Khari—Bandipur 10 8 — — 1 0.94 ± 0.04 0.03 ± 0.03 Khari—Salyan 13 1 — — — 0.95 ± 0.05 0.02 ± 0.01 Terai 15 5 — — — 0.97 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.02

**(h ± SD)**

**Nucleotide diversity (π ± SD)**

Goat industry in Nepal is becoming popular among the commercial farmers, and it is assumed that the future prospects of the species are quite promising. Goats, as an animal with multiple utilities, have high adaptability in diversified climatic condition right from extreme hot to extreme cold. However, goats in Nepal have limitations in

the B2 haplotype present in Chyangra goats) and Tibetan goats in China.

**74**

**8. Conclusions**

**Figure 4.**

*Source: [12].*

**Table 14.**

Authors would like to acknowledge the scientists, researchers, and academicians who contributed a lot in the area of goat research and development in Nepal. We express our sincere gratitude to the staffs and faculty members of Animal Breeding Division, NARC, Khumaltar, Nepal, and Department of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal, for their cooperation while preparing this manuscript. In addition, we would like to thank the International Goat Association for providing the opportunity to be a part of this historic scientific publication.
