**1. Introduction**

Antimicrobials are either synthetic or natural products (antibiotics) that are used in killing (bactericidal) or controlling the growth (bacteriostatic) of pathogenic microbes. Sometimes, antimicrobial and antibiotic are interchangeably used. Goats belong to species (caprine) and serve as the source of meat and milk [1], and the money realized from sales meet financial obligations of small- and large-scale goat farmers [2]. There are up to 800 million goats in the world [3]. The economic species of goats spread across the globe are not limited to Teddy, Kilis, Ardi,

West African Dwarf, Black Bengal, Indian native, Murciano-Granadina, Angora, Red Sokoto, Boer and Nubian goats [4–13]. However, the diseases of goats include colibacillosis, salmonellosis, staphylococcosis and streptococcosis, among others [14]. Age, sex, dosage formulation, route of administration and dose of antimicrobials affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials in goats [13]. For example, female West African dwarf goats are more sensitive to sulfadimidine than male West African dwarf goats [15]. There are also intraspecies differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of domestic goat (*Capra aegagrus hircus*) such as West African dwarf, Pakistan, Shiba, Netherland dwarf, Nubian, Red cross-breed, Angora, Boer, LaMancha, Oberhasli, Toggenburg as well as wild goats, *Capra aegagrus aegagrus* (bezoar ibex), *Capra aegagrus blythi* (Sindh ibex), *Oreamnos americanus* (mountain goat), *Capra aegagrus chialtanensis* (Chiltan ibex), *Capra aegagrus cretica* (kri-kri), *Capra aegagrus turcmenica* (Turkmen wild goat) and *Capra aegagrus pictus* [15–20]. However, *Capra aegagrus hircus* is the most popular domesticated from their wild progenitor, bezoar (*Capra aegagrus*) [21, 22]. Also, antimicrobials such as sulfonamides, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, aminopenicillins, cephalosporins and quinolones could cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome in humans that eat goat meat which has the drugs residues [23] and tissue residues above threshold (2 ppm) could be found in the skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, milk, brain, intestine, heart and lung of goats which could portend threat to public health [13]. Although goats are domesticated 10,500 years ago, the genomic regions differentiating domestic goats from wild goats are associated to genes of the nervous system, immunity and productivity traits; 20 are common to *Capra* and *Ovis* [24] indicating the possible relevance of pharmacogenomics which is the study of how genes affect animal response to drugs. Because of unprecedented emergence of resistant bacteria, there is a fervent need to develop new veterinary drugs [25] using both in vitro and in vivo data that have been generated from basic, translational and clinical research. Solubility and permeability affect pharmacokinetics of oral formulations of antimicrobials in goats. The formulations are tablet, capsule, solution, suspension, etc.
