**Author details**

Shuji Yamashita

Keio University School of Medicine, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to: shuji@z5.keio.jp

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**49**

2004;**279**:6235-6243

*Antigen Retrieval for Light and Electron Microscopy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80837*

> [8] Sutherland BS, Toews J, Kast J. Utility of formaldehyde cross-linking and mass spectrometry in the study of proteinprotein interactions. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2008;**43**:699-713

> [9] Toews J, Rogalski JC, Kast J. Accessibility governs the reactivity of basic residues in formaldehyde-induced protein modification. Analytica Chimica

[10] Fox CH, Johnson FB, Roller PP. Formaldehyde fixation. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.

[11] Mason JT, O'Leary TJ. Effects of formaldehyde fixation on protein secondary structure: A calorimetric and infrared spectroscopic investigation. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 1991;**39**:225-229

[12] Sompuram SR, Vani K, Messana E, Bogen SA. A molecular mechanism of formalin fixation and antigen retrieval. American Journal of Clinical Pathology.

[13] Fowler CB, O'Leary TJ, Mason JT. Modeling formalin fixation and histological processing with ribonuclease A: Effects of ethanol dehydration on reversal of

formaldehyde cross-links. Laboratory

[14] Sabatini DD, Bensch K, Barrenett RJ. Cytochemistry and electron

[15] Kawahara J, Ohmori T, Ohkubo T, Hattori S, Kawamura M. The structure of glutaraldehyde in aqueous solution determined by ultraviolet absorption and light scattering. Analytical Biochemistry. 1991;**201**:94-98

microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymimatic activity by aldehyde fixation. Journal of Cell

Investigation. 2008;**88**:785-791

Biolology;**163**(17):19-58

Acta. 2010;**676**:60-67

1985;**33**:845-853

2004;**121**:190-199

[1] Shi SR, Key ME, Kalra KL. Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissues: An enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.

[2] Yamashita S, Okada Y. Mechanisms of heat-induced antigen retrieval: Analyses in vitro employing SDS-PAGE and immunohistochemistry. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.

[3] Emoto K, Yamashita S, Okada Y. Mechanisms of heat-induced antigen retrieval: Does pH or ionic strength of solution play a role for refolding of antigens? The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.

[4] Yamashita S. Heat-induced antigen retrieval: Mechanisms and application

to histochemistry. Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.

[5] Shi SR, Taylor CR. Extraction of DNA/RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues based on the antigen retrieval principle. In: Shi SR, Taylor CR, editors. Antigen Retrieval Immunohistochemistry Based Research and Diagnostics. New Jersey: John Wiley

& Sons, Inc; 2012. pp. 47-71

[6] Gustafsson OJ, Arentz G, Hoffman P. Proteomic developments in the analysis of formalin-fixed tissue. Biochimica et Biophsysic Acta. 2015;**1854**:559-580

[7] Metz B, Kersten GFA, Hoogerhout P, Brugghet HF, Timmermans HAM, Jong A, et al. Identification of formaldehydeinduced modifications in proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry.

1991;**39**:741-748

**References**

2005;**53**:13-21

2005;**53**:1311-1321

2007;**41**:141-200

*Antigen Retrieval for Light and Electron Microscopy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80837*
