5.2.5.6 Neurocysticercosis

Neurocysticercosis is infestation of Cysticercus cellulosae, a larval form of Taenia solium (tapeworm). Infestation occurs by ingesting C. cellulosae embedded in raw pork or eggs in contaminated food [71]. The brain lesion of larva migrans in a young Japanese female was surgically removed. A cysticercus body with scolex formation was microscopically lined by eosinophilic tegument and underlying subcuticular cells. The patient's serum was weakly reactive with the tegument (Figure 44) [21, 23].

#### Figure 42.

Bilharziasis (upper panels, egg tubercle in the sigmoid colon; lower panels, surgical material of brain lesion; left, H&E; right, reactivity with patient's own serum). Two young Japanese male patients with a history of staying in African continent complained of hematuria and presented ectopic egg tubercles in the sigmoid colon and in the brain, respectively. The multinucleated (miracidial) content of the egg of Schistosoma haematobium is strongly reactive with the patient's own serum in the respective lesions.

5.3 Immunostaining using the serum of patients without fixed diagnosis

Multilocular echinococcosis (left, H&E; right, reactivity with patient's own serum). The liver infested by Echinococcus multilocularis was surgically removed from a female patient living in Hokkaido. The multilocular hydatid cyst wall has been collapsed and embedded in the fibrous tissue. The patient's serum is reactive with the collapsed cyst wall component, while the intact hydatid cyst wall reveals negativity.

Low-Specificity and High-Sensitivity Immunostaining for Demonstrating Pathogens…

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85055

Figure 43.

Figure 44.

tegument.

103

When the diagnosis is unsettled, the specificity of the patient's serum remains unknown. If the positive signals reactive with the patient's serum are seen within the inflammatory lesion, it is reasonable for us to regard that the target microbes are visualized. The size and shape of the stained targets suggested certain causative pathogens within the lesion [20–23]. The final diagnosis can be made by combining

Neurocysticercosis (left, H&E; right, reactivity with patient's own serum). The brain lesion of larva migrans in a Japanese female was surgically removed. A cysticercus body with scolex formation is microscopically lined by eosinophilic tegument and underlying subcuticular cells. The patient's serum is weakly reactive with the

Low-Specificity and High-Sensitivity Immunostaining for Demonstrating Pathogens… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85055

#### Figure 43.

snail, penetrates the intact skin. Paired adult worms, 1.5–2 cm in size, settle in paravesicular pelvic veins, and ova are excreted from ulcers formed in the urinary bladder to the urine [69]. Ectopic egg tubercles (foreign body granulomas against eggs) may be formed in the uterine cervix, ureter, and rectosigmoid colon and even in the brain. Two young Japanese male patients with a history of staying in African continent complained of hematuria and presented ectopic egg tubercles in the sigmoid colon and in the brain, respectively. The multinucleated (miracidial) content of the egg was strongly labeled with the patient's own serum in both the biopsied colon and surgically resected cerebral lesion (Figure 42) [21, 23].

Multilocular (alveolar) echinococcosis, infestation of Echinococcus multilocularis, is endemic in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. This zoonotic parasitosis showing liver involvement is mainly mediated by ingestion of eggs excreted from red foxes [70]. The liver infested by E. multilocularis was surgically removed from a female patient aged 30's living in Hokkaido. The multilocular hydatid cyst wall was collapsed and embedded in the fibrous tissue. No protoscolex was seen in the lesion. The patient's serum diluted at 1:200 was reactive with the collapsed cyst wall component, while the intact hydatid cyst wall revealed negativity (Figure 43) [23].

Neurocysticercosis is infestation of Cysticercus cellulosae, a larval form of Taenia solium (tapeworm). Infestation occurs by ingesting C. cellulosae embedded in raw pork or eggs in contaminated food [71]. The brain lesion of larva migrans in a young Japanese female was surgically removed. A cysticercus body with scolex formation was microscopically lined by eosinophilic tegument and underlying subcuticular cells. The patient's serum was weakly reactive with the tegument

Bilharziasis (upper panels, egg tubercle in the sigmoid colon; lower panels, surgical material of brain lesion; left, H&E; right, reactivity with patient's own serum). Two young Japanese male patients with a history of staying in African continent complained of hematuria and presented ectopic egg tubercles in the sigmoid colon

and in the brain, respectively. The multinucleated (miracidial) content of the egg of Schistosoma haematobium is strongly reactive with the patient's own serum in the respective lesions.

5.2.5.5 Multilocular echinococcosis

Immunohistochemistry - The Ageless Biotechnology

5.2.5.6 Neurocysticercosis

(Figure 44) [21, 23].

Figure 42.

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Multilocular echinococcosis (left, H&E; right, reactivity with patient's own serum). The liver infested by Echinococcus multilocularis was surgically removed from a female patient living in Hokkaido. The multilocular hydatid cyst wall has been collapsed and embedded in the fibrous tissue. The patient's serum is reactive with the collapsed cyst wall component, while the intact hydatid cyst wall reveals negativity.

#### Figure 44.

Neurocysticercosis (left, H&E; right, reactivity with patient's own serum). The brain lesion of larva migrans in a Japanese female was surgically removed. A cysticercus body with scolex formation is microscopically lined by eosinophilic tegument and underlying subcuticular cells. The patient's serum is weakly reactive with the tegument.

#### 5.3 Immunostaining using the serum of patients without fixed diagnosis

When the diagnosis is unsettled, the specificity of the patient's serum remains unknown. If the positive signals reactive with the patient's serum are seen within the inflammatory lesion, it is reasonable for us to regard that the target microbes are visualized. The size and shape of the stained targets suggested certain causative pathogens within the lesion [20–23]. The final diagnosis can be made by combining clinical information and histopathological appearance with the morphology of the pathogen. Of no doubt, this gives us the most powerful and useful situation in applying immunostaining using the patient serum.
