4.4 Cross-reactivity to acid-fast bacilli

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare) in a caseous necrotic lesion of the lung were demonstrated not only by BCG antiserum but also by T. pallidum antiserum, as illustrated in Figure 13 [19]. BCG antiserum was also strongly reactive with amorphous background substances, probably representing decayed bacterial proteins.

#### 4.5 Application to Vibrio vulnificus infection

Gangrenous lesions in the extremity caused by lethal Vibrio vulnificus infection (flesh-eating disease) microscopically show active growth of Gram-negative

4.2 Application to Serratia septicemia

Kupffer cells are visualized only by Leptospira antiserum.

Gram-positive cocci causing

Immunohistochemistry - The Ageless Biotechnology

ND, not done, (+), focally positive.

summarized.

Table 3.

Figure 10.

80

Serratia marcescens, a red colony-forming Gram-negative rod usually showing

Hamster liver in experimental leptospirosis (left, H&E; center, Leptospira antigens; right, E. coli antigens). Liver cell cords are disarranged due to infection of Leptospira interrogans. Not only Leptospira antiserum but also E. coli antiserum decorate spiral-shaped bacteria in the sinusoid. Pathogens phagocytized by activated

Bacterium Anti-B. cereus Anti-BCG Anti-T. pallidum Anti-E. coli Leptospira interrogans ND + Serratia marcescens ND + + Brachyspira sp. + + + + Non-tuberculous Mycobacterium ND + + Vibrio vulnificus ++ + + Bordetella pertussis ++ + Haemophilus influenzae ++ + Actinomyces israelii ++ + Nocardia beijingensis ++ + Bartonella henselae ND + + Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii + + + (+) Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis + (+) Propionibacterium acnes + Pseudomonas aeruginosa +

Brain abscess + Chorioamnionitis +

Reactivities of various microbes to the four kinds of rabbit antibacterial antisera.

Reactivities of various pathogens to commercial rabbit antisera against B. cereus, BCG, T. pallidum, and E. coli are

low virulence, may cause opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed

#### Figure 12.

Intestinal spirochetosis (left upper, H&E; center upper, reactivity with T. pallidum monoclonal antibody J010J; right upper, reactivity with T. pallidum antiserum; left lower, BCG antigens; center lower, E. coli antigens; right lower, Leptospira antigens). The colonic mucosal surface-adherent, brush border-like basophilic bacteria (Brachyspira aalborgi) are visualized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to T. pallidum, as well as by immunostaining with antisera to BCG, E. coli, and Leptospira.

#### Figure 13.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis of the lung caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (left upper, H&E; right upper, acid-fast stain; left lower, BCG antigens; right lower, T. pallidum antigens). Acid-fast bacilli seen in caseous necrosis are labeled with both antisera. BCG antiserum also strongly reacts with background degradative substances.

bacteria in soft tissue [36]. The bacteria were immunolocalized with antisera against BCG, B. cereus, and T. pallidum (Figure 14) [8, 19]. E. coli antiserum was scarcely reactive.

lung were positively immunostained with antisera against BCG, B. cereus, and

Autopsied lung in pertussis (left upper, H&E; right upper, BCG antigens; left lower, B. cereus antigens; right lower, T. pallidum antigens). The lung shows microscopic features of atypical pneumonia. Bordetella pertussis phagocytized by alveolar macrophages is demonstrable with antisera against BCG, B. cereus, and T. pallidum.

Gangrene of the extremity caused by Vibrio vulnificus infection (left upper, H&E; right upper, BCG antigens; left lower, T. pallidum antigens; right lower, E. coli antigens). Gram-negative bacteria growing among necrotic striated muscle fibers in the extremity are immunolocalized with antisera against BCG and T. pallidum. E. coli

Low-Specificity and High-Sensitivity Immunostaining for Demonstrating Pathogens…

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85055

Haemophilus influenzae may cause tonsillar ulcer in children and young adults [38]. A biopsy material from the ulcerated tonsil of a young male revealed dense infection of Gram-negative rods on the ulcer base. Antisera against BCG, B. cereus, and T. pallidum demonstrated the pathogen (Figure 16) [19]. Again, E. coli

T. pallidum (Figure 15) [19]. E. coli antiserum was scarcely reactive.

4.7 Application to Haemophilus influenzae infection

antiserum was scarcely reactive.

Figure 14.

Figure 15.

83

antiserum is scarcely reactive.

#### 4.6 Application to pertussis

Bordetella pertussis infection (pertussis) may cause severe illness leading the child to death [37]. The lung shows microscopic features of "atypical" pneumonia. The Gram-negative bacteria phagocytized by macrophages in alveoli of the autopsied

Low-Specificity and High-Sensitivity Immunostaining for Demonstrating Pathogens… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85055

#### Figure 14.

Gangrene of the extremity caused by Vibrio vulnificus infection (left upper, H&E; right upper, BCG antigens; left lower, T. pallidum antigens; right lower, E. coli antigens). Gram-negative bacteria growing among necrotic striated muscle fibers in the extremity are immunolocalized with antisera against BCG and T. pallidum. E. coli antiserum is scarcely reactive.

#### Figure 15.

Autopsied lung in pertussis (left upper, H&E; right upper, BCG antigens; left lower, B. cereus antigens; right lower, T. pallidum antigens). The lung shows microscopic features of atypical pneumonia. Bordetella pertussis phagocytized by alveolar macrophages is demonstrable with antisera against BCG, B. cereus, and T. pallidum.

lung were positively immunostained with antisera against BCG, B. cereus, and T. pallidum (Figure 15) [19]. E. coli antiserum was scarcely reactive.

#### 4.7 Application to Haemophilus influenzae infection

Haemophilus influenzae may cause tonsillar ulcer in children and young adults [38]. A biopsy material from the ulcerated tonsil of a young male revealed dense infection of Gram-negative rods on the ulcer base. Antisera against BCG, B. cereus, and T. pallidum demonstrated the pathogen (Figure 16) [19]. Again, E. coli antiserum was scarcely reactive.

bacteria in soft tissue [36]. The bacteria were immunolocalized with antisera against BCG, B. cereus, and T. pallidum (Figure 14) [8, 19]. E. coli antiserum was scarcely

Non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis of the lung caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (left upper, H&E; right upper, acid-fast stain; left lower, BCG antigens; right lower, T. pallidum antigens). Acid-fast bacilli seen in caseous necrosis are labeled with both antisera. BCG antiserum also strongly reacts with

Intestinal spirochetosis (left upper, H&E; center upper, reactivity with T. pallidum monoclonal antibody J010J; right upper, reactivity with T. pallidum antiserum; left lower, BCG antigens; center lower, E. coli antigens; right lower, Leptospira antigens). The colonic mucosal surface-adherent, brush border-like basophilic bacteria (Brachyspira aalborgi) are visualized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to T. pallidum, as

well as by immunostaining with antisera to BCG, E. coli, and Leptospira.

Immunohistochemistry - The Ageless Biotechnology

Bordetella pertussis infection (pertussis) may cause severe illness leading the child to death [37]. The lung shows microscopic features of "atypical" pneumonia. The Gram-negative bacteria phagocytized by macrophages in alveoli of the autopsied

reactive.

82

Figure 13.

Figure 12.

4.6 Application to pertussis

background degradative substances.
