5.2.5.3 Schistosomiasis japonicum

Schistosomiasis is caused by digenetic blood trematodes (fluke). Water snailmediated three main species infest humans: Schistosoma japonicum, S. haematobium, and S. mansoni. Larvae (cercariae) show percutaneous infestation through intact skin. Paired adult worms of S. japonicum fix to the portal vein and provoke liver cirrhosis. The disease, rampant until the 1960s in certain areas of Japan, has been eradicated by 1976 [67]. Now, Mainland China and the Philippines are the main countries of epidemic [68]. We occasionally experience aged Japanese people accompanying calcified ova in the liver and colon. Figure 41 demonstrates biopsied colonic mucosa with acid-fast Schistosoma ova in an aged asymptomatic male living in Kofu Basin, the historical endemic area. The patient's serum diluted at 1:200 reacted with the shell of the ovum [21].

5.2.5.4 Bilharziasis

shell of the ovum.

Figure 41.

101

Figure 40.

Schistosoma haematobium infestation (bilharziasis) is endemic in sub-Saharan African continent. Infection occurs in fresh water in a short time (just for 10 min) when a larval form (cercaria) of S. haematobium, developing in the fresh water

Schistosomiasis japonicum (left, acid-fast staining; right, reactivity with patient's own serum). In biopsied colonic mucosa of an asymptomatic individual living in a historical endemic area, acid-fast ova of Schistosoma japonicum are observed in the lamina propria mucosae. The patient's serum diluted at 1:200 reacts with the

Ectopic anisakiasis (left, H&E; center, reactivity with patient's own serum; right, reactivity with monoclonal antibody An2 to Anisakis simplex). A dead and decayed larval nematode is seen in the omental nodule, and the diagnosis of extra-gastrointestinal anisakiasis was made by distinct immunoreactivity with the monoclonal antibody. The diluted patient's own serum reacts weakly with the internal organs, especially the gut.

Low-Specificity and High-Sensitivity Immunostaining for Demonstrating Pathogens…

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Low-Specificity and High-Sensitivity Immunostaining for Demonstrating Pathogens… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85055

#### Figure 40.

with clear cytoplasm, eosinophilic lateral chords, and the centrally located gut. The

Gnathostomiasis (left, H&E; right, reactivity with patient's own serum). A Japanese male manifested creeping disease on the abdomen. Targeted biopsy reveals cut surfaces of Gnathostoma hispidum in the dermis. The larval body is histologically featured by spiculated cuticles, well-developed muscle cells with clear cytoplasm, eosinophilic lateral chords, and the centrally located gut. The patient's serum was solely reactive with the gut

Anisakis species belongs to a dolphin/whale ascarid. Anisakiasis is caused by the

Schistosomiasis is caused by digenetic blood trematodes (fluke). Water snailmediated three main species infest humans: Schistosoma japonicum, S. haematobium, and S. mansoni. Larvae (cercariae) show percutaneous infestation through intact skin. Paired adult worms of S. japonicum fix to the portal vein and provoke liver cirrhosis. The disease, rampant until the 1960s in certain areas of Japan, has been eradicated by 1976 [67]. Now, Mainland China and the Philippines are the main countries of epidemic [68]. We occasionally experience aged Japanese people accompanying calcified ova in the liver and colon. Figure 41 demonstrates biopsied colonic mucosa with acid-fast Schistosoma ova in an aged asymptomatic male living in Kofu Basin, the historical endemic area. The patient's serum diluted at 1:200

ingestion of a larval nematode in raw seafood dishes such as sushi and sashimi. Infestation occurs mainly in the stomach, but infrequently intestinal or extragastrointestinal anisakiasis is encountered [66]. A dead and decayed larval nematode was identified in the peritoneal (omental) nodule, and microscopic identification of the nematode species was impossible. The diagnosis of extra-gastrointestinal anisakiasis was made by distinct immunoreactivity with a monoclonal antibody An2 against Anisakis simplex (a gift from late Dr. Hajime Ishikura, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo). The 1:500 diluted patient's own serum reacted weakly with

the internal organs, especially the gut (Figure 40) [21].

patient's serum was solely reactive with the gut cells (Figure 39) [21, 23].

5.2.5.2 Ectopic anisakiasis

Immunohistochemistry - The Ageless Biotechnology

Figure 39.

cells.

100

5.2.5.3 Schistosomiasis japonicum

reacted with the shell of the ovum [21].

Ectopic anisakiasis (left, H&E; center, reactivity with patient's own serum; right, reactivity with monoclonal antibody An2 to Anisakis simplex). A dead and decayed larval nematode is seen in the omental nodule, and the diagnosis of extra-gastrointestinal anisakiasis was made by distinct immunoreactivity with the monoclonal antibody. The diluted patient's own serum reacts weakly with the internal organs, especially the gut.

#### Figure 41.

Schistosomiasis japonicum (left, acid-fast staining; right, reactivity with patient's own serum). In biopsied colonic mucosa of an asymptomatic individual living in a historical endemic area, acid-fast ova of Schistosoma japonicum are observed in the lamina propria mucosae. The patient's serum diluted at 1:200 reacts with the shell of the ovum.

#### 5.2.5.4 Bilharziasis

Schistosoma haematobium infestation (bilharziasis) is endemic in sub-Saharan African continent. Infection occurs in fresh water in a short time (just for 10 min) when a larval form (cercaria) of S. haematobium, developing in the fresh water

snail, penetrates the intact skin. Paired adult worms, 1.5–2 cm in size, settle in paravesicular pelvic veins, and ova are excreted from ulcers formed in the urinary bladder to the urine [69]. Ectopic egg tubercles (foreign body granulomas against eggs) may be formed in the uterine cervix, ureter, and rectosigmoid colon and even in the brain. Two young Japanese male patients with a history of staying in African continent complained of hematuria and presented ectopic egg tubercles in the sigmoid colon and in the brain, respectively. The multinucleated (miracidial) content of the egg was strongly labeled with the patient's own serum in both the biopsied colon and surgically resected cerebral lesion (Figure 42) [21, 23].
