**2.4 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)**

GDM is a non-pathophysiological condition and one out of seven new born has gestational diabetes according to [11]. GDM caused by glucose intolerance which was first diagnosed in pregnancy period and may remain after pregnancy (Gavin III *et al.*, 1997). The development of undiagnosed asymptomatic T2DM and T1DM during pregnancy is referred as GDM [12]. The occurrence of GDM is reported during the last 6 months of the pregnancy while the development of diabetes in women during first trimester is termed as T2DM [13].

### **2.5 Type 1.5 diabetes**

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) non-officially called as Type 1.5 diabetes. The term 1.5 indicates that disease is a type 1 diabetes mellitus but it shares

**Figure 3.**

little or none insulin with a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin in the body. The reason of this deadliest process are not completely understood but it is thought that genetic susceptibility and environmental factors like viral infection, toxins and some dietary factors could be the cause of the problem (Chapt1 type1 10). Type 1 diabetes occurs mostly in children and adolescents. It is managed with proper daily injections of insulin otherwise the survival of the patient would be impossible. Type 1 is diagnosed by raised level of glucose and with the specific symptoms (**Figure 2**). Type 1 diabetes incidence rate in Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan is

Type 2 diabetes is commonest type of diabetes throughout the world accounting around 90% of all the diabetic patients. It is occurred due to insufficient production of insulin or insulin resistance. During insulin resistance insulin become ineffective as a result, body produce excessive insulin initially to control the elevated level of

1.02/100,000 in comparison to type 2 diabetes mellitus [8].

*Biochemical Testing - Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis*

**2.3 Type 2 diabetes mellitus**

**Table 2.**

**Figure 2.**

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*The symptoms of type 1 diabetes.*

*Diabetes diagnostic criteria.*

*The symptoms of typ. 2 diabetes.*

**Figure 4.** *Different risk factors of typ. 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).*

some feature with type 2 diabetes mellitus that is the reason it is called as Type 1.5 diabetes means in between T1DM and T2DM. It is also known as Type 3 diabetes. Type 1.5 diabetes is diagnosed during adulthood and has slow onset similar to T2DM however, it is type 1 diabetes mellitus and will need insulin therapy in future. Around 15–20% patients with type 2 diabetes are actually suffering with type 1 diabetes. They are treated with oral medication initially but will need insulin therapy after some period of oral treatment. Type 1.5 diabetic patients do not have standard symptoms of type 2 diabetes and have reduced risk of heart problem if their blood sugar is kept in control (Diabetes, UK).

risk of diabetes in near future. According to IDF, 1 in 11 people has diabetes till now

*In Silico Proteomics EVOO Therapy for Lipid Lowering in the Patients of Diabetes Mellitus*

Balochistan it is 10.8% in both [17, 18]. But in Sindh female proportion is 11.7% and in male is 16.2% (Hussain and Ali, 2017) **Figure 6** demonstrate the distribution of

Pakistan is among the top 10 most affected diabetic countries of the world and is projected to be at 8th position until 2045 (20–79 years of age. Other major countries on the top of the list are China, India, United States, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, Russian federation, Egypt, Germany and Pakistan respectively. According to latest estimates Pakistan has 7.2 million population of diabetes and projected to be 16.1 million by 2045 (Atlas 2017). Previous studies reported 5.2 million diabetic population of Pakistan in 2000 and projected to be 13.9 million till 2030 [16]. The worldwide prevalence of diabetes is shown in **Figure 5**. In urban areas the ratio of diabetes is 22.04% and in rural areas it is 17.15%. In Punjab, diabetes in female is 19.3% and in male it is 16.6%. In KPK it is 11.1% in both male and female in

and it is projected to be 1 in 10 till 2040 (IDF 2017).

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82294*

diabetes in all the provinces of Pakistan (**Figure 7**) [19–39].

*Distribution of diabetes in different provinces of Pakistan [40].*

*List of top 10 countries having diabetes (IDF Atlas 2017).*

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 7.**

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