**Author details**

*Viruses and Viral Infections in Developing Countries*

On a more general basis, vRBP's with chaperoning activities are widespread in the virus world, since they are, for example, encoded for by other virus families such as flaviviruses, notably the core proteins of HCV and dengue viruses, the N protein of coronaviruses and hantaviruses, and the delta antigen of the HDV viroid [96–103]. In addition, unpublished data show that the N protein of influenza virus

*Formation of nucleoprotein complexes and functions according to the degree of RNA occupancy. With the increasing level of RNA occupancy by the chaperone protein, functions go from selection of the genomic RNA (I), its dimerization (II), to the complete process of reverse transcription (III) or else are targeted to RNP* 

Similar RNA chaperone proteins are found in bacteriophages of the *Leviviridae* family where they regulate vRNA translation and assembly [104]. Also a closer look at the replication of the Q-beta genomic RNA by the viral replicase reveals the chaperoning contribution of the host factors EF-Tu and Ts. These data favor the notion that RNA chaperones may also influence protein conformation and enzymatic activity, raising the possibility that such proteins are Janus chaperones [28, 105, 106].

Personal (JLD) thanks are due to my spouse Anne Napoly and to Yves Mély (Faculty

of Pharmacy, Strasbourg) for their continuous support during the past 12 months and to Lada Bozic for her kind understanding. Supports from INSERM, ANRS, and

Philippe Roingeard (Faculty of Medicine, Tours) are acknowledged (HdR).

**12**

has also chaperone activity.

**Figure 7.**

*granules (IV).*

**Acknowledgements**

Jean Luc Darlix1,3\* † and Hugues de Rocquigny2 \* †

1 Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France

2 Morphogenèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm—U1259 MAVIVH, Tours Cedex 1, France

3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France

\*Address all correspondence to: jldarlix@gmail.com and hderocquigny@univ-tours.fr

† These authors contributed equally to this work.

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
