**Author details**

*Viruses and Viral Infections in Developing Countries*

and Alert Network (GOARN), and the original network for influenza viral infection in province. In usual diagnosis and treatment of influenza viral infection, RIDTs are a useful step-up strategy for the treatment of influenza viral infections regardless of limiting sensitivity. RIDTs for seasonal influenza viral infection can only detect A type and/or B type of viral HA but not subtypes of HA strains. But these tests recognize human and avian influenza viral strains (H1N1, H2N3, H3N8, H4N6, H5N2, H6N2, H7N7, H8N4, H9N2, H10N7, H11N6, H12N6, H13N6, H14N5, H15N8, H16N3, H5N1, H5N6, H5N8, H7N1, N7 N7, and H7N9) as influenza type A viral infections (Tauns Inc.). By the results of these tests, and then if an antiviral therapy for influenza viral infection would be applied to patients. And then if an antiviral therapy is judged as not to be effective by the evaluation for the time of alleviation of fever in humans with influenza viral infections, further investigation for complications of viral infections, a new emerging viral infection using RIDTs for HA sub-strains, RT-PCR and/or viral cell culture, or mutant viruses resistant to antiviral

drugs [13, 93]. In the pandemic phases 4–6, there may be many patients with influenza viral infection. It is very important to minimize the severe fatal disease from HPAI or LPAI infections and to select and send the patients with severe disease to the hospitals under the capacities for admission effectively by the triage between mild disease and severe disease. So this system may enable an early intervention of viral infections within 48 hours from onset and less numbers of patients with severe disease. It is not necessary to divide seasonal viral infection treatment from LPAI infection treatment except the necessity of special training and area for protection of widespread of EID using PPE. Like in the case with LPAI H6N1 virus in Taiwan [77], LPAI viral infections may be treated without identification in the circumstance of avian viral widespread among domestic birds. As one of the control points for pandemic preparedness, the candidate pandemic vaccine is desired and planned to be developed for prophylaxis and the most effective one of the control measures. The WHO has developed the influenza candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) which are planned to be supplied to national authorities for pilot lot vaccine production, clinical trials, and other pandemic preparedness purposes based on their assessment of public health risk and need (contact at gisrs-whohq@who.int) [94]. Effective

pandemic vaccines may be the most powerful measures for pandemic.

able to be established as possible as a pandemic will be happen.

The author has no competing interests to declare.

Pandemic is unpredictable, but sequential efforts to minimize and diminish the vulnerability of human public health from pandemic are desired in the world. Sentinel monitor and surveillance for endemic, epidemic, and pandemic potential is necessary for early detection of pandemic potential and pandemic preparedness planning. Sequential diagnosis and treatment from seasonal to avian influenza viruses adapted to humans may be beneficial in decreasing the risk of pandemic potential derived from zoonotic influenza virus infections. Preparations and developments of the candidate vaccine for the information following sequential monitor are necessary for the control against the phase of pre-pandemic and pandemic by avian influenza virus. The diverse of using several types of anti-influenza viral drugs with single and/or combinations for the pandemic infections would be desir-

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**Conflict of interests**

**5. Conclusion**

Yuji Takemoto Kamijyo Medical Office, Mori-machi, Izumiotsu City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to: y-t1@vesta.ocn.ne.jp

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
