Meet the editors

Snežana Jovanović-Ćupić is a research assistant professor in the Institute for Nuclear Sciences-Vinča, University of Belgrade, Belgrade. Snežana received her PhD in Biological Sciences at the Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, in 2012. Her research area includes: molecular biology of hepatitis C virus (HCV); genetic variability in HCV and its role in antiviral treatment response; host resistance to HCV infection and influence of

immune response to therapy outcome; and association of HCV with hepatocellular carcinoma (including epigenetic background—DNA methylation and microRNA expression). Snežana has published many research articles in peer-reviewed international journals.

Dr. Muhammad Abubakar, senior scientist from the National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan, has over 15 years' experience in various areas of veterinary sciences. His expertise in transboundary animal diseases (TADs) at national and international levels is well known. He has established various diagnostic laboratories for the diagnosis of TADs. He has been involved in the organization and conduct of various trainings

for field and laboratory staff. He has published numerous research papers, review articles, and book chapters on different areas of veterinary sciences. He has also worked in academia teaching and research supervising at graduate and undergraduate levels. He is currently supervising two journals in the area of veterinary sciences *(Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners and Veterinary Sciences and Research and Reviews)* as an editor-in-chief.

Professor Ayşe Emel Önal, MD, was born in Istanbul in 1960. She graduated from Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, in 1985. In 1995, she took a public health specialist diploma with her thesis titled "The relationship between the health problems of elderly teachers living in Istanbul with Daily Life Activities and Instrumental Daily Life Activities" in Istanbul Medical Faculty Department of Public Health. In 2005, she received the

title of Public Health Associate Professor at Hacettepe Medical Faculty. Since 1991, she has been working at Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty Department of Public Health. In 2007, she started work as an associate professor in the Department of Environmental Health. She became a professor in 2011 and continued her duties in Istanbul Medical Faculty Department of Public Health. Since 2013, she has been working as the Head of Environmental Health Science, Department of Public Health, in Istanbul Medical Faculty. In 2014, she began working as the Director of Community Medicine Application and Research Center of Istanbul University. Since 2016, she has been working as the Head of Istanbul University Faculty of

Medicine, Department of Public Health. She is an international book editor and chapter author in three international books and two national books. She has more than 35 international publications in Web of Science; 15 of these are publications in which she is the first name. She has publications in over 100 national journals and papers in international and national congresses. Her H Index is 11. She speaks French and English. Her main research areas are epidemiology, gerontology, and environmental health.

Dr. Muhammad Kashif Saleemi did his DVM in 2001, MSc (Hons) in Veterinary Pathology in 2003 (Silver Medal), and PhD in Veterinary Pathology in 2010 from the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan. He won a One-Health Fellowship from the US National Academy of Sciences in 2016–17. Currently, he is working as an associate professor (tenured) in the Department of Pathology, UAF.

Contents

**Section 1**

of Antiviral Agents

**Section 2**

*and Kashif Saleemi*

Domestic Poultry

*and Clement Adebajo Meseko*

The Thrift of Avian Influenza in Indonesia

*and Adolfo Padilla-Mendiola*

**Preface III**

Retroviruses, Tumor Viruses and Viral Proteins **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 21**

**Chapter 3 35**

Avian Influenza - Endemic to Pandemic **53**

**Chapter 4 55**

**Chapter 5 61**

**Chapter 6 77**

Prologue: Avian Influenza - An Overview from Endemic to Pandemic

*by Muhammad Abubakar, Abdullah Iqbal, Shumaila Manzoor* 

Features of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in

*Emmanuel Tumininu Obishakin, Pius Stephen Ekong, Israel Joshua Barde* 

*by Khrisdiana Putri, Sitarina Widyarini, Sugiyono and Widya Asmara*

*by Olatunde Babatunde Akanbi, Victor Olusegun Taiwo,* 

Multiple Functions and Disordered Nature of Nucleocapsid

E1 and E2 Viral Proteins as Therapeutic Targets for Development

*by María Leticia Saucedo-Mendiola, José Luis Ríos-Bañuelos, Alejandra Vázquez-Vázquez, Elva Marcela Coria-Quiñones, María Estela Frías-Zepeda, Jesús Alonso Gándara-Mireles* 

Basic Research and Clinical Examination of Tumor Virus *by Tatsuaki Tsuruyama, Shuichiro Ogawa and Norishige Yamada*

Proteins of Retroviruses and Hepadnaviruses *by Jean Luc Darlix and Hugues de Rocquigny*

He is a senior academic advisor for the Dean Faculty of Veterinary Science. He is a renowned poultry pathologist in Pakistan. He won the research productivity award for last two years from the Pakistan Council for Science and Technology. He has published 110 research papers in well-reputed international journals having a cumulative impact factor of 165. Currently, he is Associate Editor of the Pakistan Veterinary Journal and a convener of the Poultry Professional Club. He is the National Branch Secretary of WVPA Pakistan. He is also a member of the National Disease Control Committee on Poultry Diseases for the Pakistan Poultry Association.

Ana Božović is an assistant research professor at the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Serbia. Ana obtained her PhD in 2013 from the University of Belgrade, Serbia. She works at the Molecular Genetics Laboratory at the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Serbia. Her research interests include genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of oncogenesis.

Milena Krajnović is a research assistant professor in the Institute for Nuclear Sciences, Vinča, University of Belgrade, Belgrade. Milena received her PhD in Biological Sciences at the Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, in 2013. Her research area includes: molecular oncogenetics, genetic, and epigenetic alterations in human cancers; viruses and cancerogenesis; examination of hepatitis C virus-induced DNA methylation; gene

silencing in the host genome and its association with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and response to antiviral therapy to define potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. Milena has published many research articles in peer-reviewed international journals.
