Preface

Viruses are the most prevalent forms of life on Earth. However, our knowledge of viruses is negligible compared to their abundance and impact on human populations and evolution.

This book is divided into three sections. The first section is on specific viral proteins. These proteins have a role in viral replication, protection, and entrance in the host cell. Having in mind the vital roles in the survival of viruses, these proteins are excellent candidates for antiviral therapy. This section also contains information on tumor viruses, as well as human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, T-cell leukemia virus, genetic testing, and mutagenesis of murine leukemia retrovirus.

In the second section of the book, the authors focus on avian influenza. Its vast impact on the poultry industry in various developing countries, high infection and mutation rates, and zoonotic potential are the reasons why endangered regions of the world need measures to control these infections.

Finally, the third section of the book is on morbillivirus and its threat to developing countries, where the vaccination coverage is low. Since this virus affects mostly children, there is an urgent need for mass vaccinations. Different regions of the world approach this problem differently. The authors also argue about the oncogenic potential of morbillivirus.

**II**

**Chapter 7 95**

Measles - The Knowns and Unknowns **115**

**Chapter 8 117**

**Chapter 9 127**

**Chapter 10 137**

Adequate Monitor of Avian Influenza Viral Infections and Foresight About Possibilities of Its Human Epidemic and Pandemic Infections

Estimation of Measles Immunization Coverage in Guwahati by

*by Yuji Takemoto*

Measles in Developing Countries *by Anyebe Onoja and Oluwaseyi Ajagbe*

*by Vivek Verma and Dilip C. Nath*

A Role for the Measles Virus in Oncology

Ranked Set Sampling

*by Daniel Benharroch*

**Section 3**

**Snežana Jovanović-Ćupić (Editor)** Institute for Nuclear Sciences-Vinca, Belgrade, Serbia

**Muhammad Abubakar (Co-editor(s))** National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan

> **Ayse Emel Onal** Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

**Ana Božović and Milena Krajnovic**

Institute for Nuclear Sciences-Vinca, Belgrade, Serbia

## **Muhammad Kashif Saleemi**

University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

**1**

Section 1

Retroviruses, Tumor

Viruses and Viral Proteins
