**4. Applications of EIS-based biosensors in water analysis**

A range of different EIS-based biosensing technologies for the detection of pollutants like pesticides and pathogens in water samples have been developed. A condensed overview of these biosensors including a brief description of the biosensor working principles, limit of detection, working range, and reproducibility is given in **Table 1**. Although not all these devices have been commercialized, they have been successfully tested in the laboratories.
