3. The design of ECIS sensors for environmental monitoring

The design of ECIS sensors includes the dimensions of working electrodes and counter electrodes, and the distance between them is critical in environmental monitoring because those designing parameters will influence the detection sensitivity of ECIS sensors.

#### 3.1 The design guideline of electrode dimensions of ECIS sensors

The radius of working electrode (Ri) and the distance between the edges of the sensing electrodes (dio) can be optimized by using the mathematical model with the parameters related to cell morphology and electric properties and surrounding culture medium.
