**1.6 ω-7 and ω-9 Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)**

Monounsaturated ω-7 and ω-9 fatty acids are also considered to be nonessential, as majority of them are obtained from dietary sources (**Figure 2**). They can also be biosynthesized in the body. The most common ω-7s are palmitoleic acid (PA) and *cis* and *trans*-vaccenic acid (VA) (11-cis-octadecenoic acid). The most common ω-9s include oleic acid (OA), erucic acid (EA) and mead acid (it is a triunsaturated fatty acid). Since the human body can create ω-9 unsaturated fatty acids, there is no need to include them in diet. Full-fat grass-fed dairy, wild-caught salmon, olives, sprouted nuts, etc. are the sources of ω-7 and ω-9 unsaturated fatty acids.

**Figure 2.**

*The structural features of the most common ω-7 and ω-9 unsaturated fatty acids.*
