**10.5 Mutation breeding**

Both physical and chemical mutagens have been employed in improvement of mungbean crop India. The main drawbacks of this method are that the frequencies of desirable mutants are very less, necessitating evaluation of very large population and the difficulty in identification and scoring of micromutations. Tickoo and Chandra [77] using both physical and chemical mutagens could induce significantly higher variability in mungbean for characters like yield per plant, pods per plant, seed number per pod, seed weight, days to flower and harvest index in M2, generation. Mean values of all the characters had a negative shift in M2 but after selection changed to positive direction in M3 but were still associated with significantly

higher interfamily and overall variances than the control populations. Such characters may be incorporated into the cultivated varieties by backcross method. Many a times the selected mutants have been released as new varieties as such for cultivation. Some varieties have been released in India including Pant Mung 2, Co 4, Dhauli, TAP 7, BM 4 and MUM 2 and some in Pakistan including NM 51 and NM 54. The latter two large seeded varieties resistant to MYMV have been developed by hybridization and irradiation of the F1 seeds.

### **11. Thrust areas**

Resistance to biotic stresses *namely*, mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), powdery mildew (PM), cercospora leaf spot (CLS), root diseases caused by Pythium spp. There is variability in the virulence of MYMV in white fly for incubation of different isolate in mungbean plant for genes governing resistance/tolerance to the virus and tim vector. Gene transfer across species in Vigna group has been found difficult. Biotechnological tools are being presently used to overcome these barriers. In the field, spreader row technique has been found to be most effective in screening the materials. However, parental lines to be used in crossing and promising selections before their release for cultivation may she screened under artificial inoculation.

### **12. Conclusions**

Mungbean has the distinct advantage of short crop duration. This fact together with its atmospheric nitrogen fixing ability makes it an indispensable component in various cereal-based cropping systems. Mungbean has tremendous scope for horizontal expansion subject to some committed research inputs to overcome its various productivity bottlenecks. Proper evaluation and utilization of germplasm from secondary and tertiary gene pools by conventional and biotechnological tools immediate priorities. Incorporation of genes from its closely related species tor resistance or tolerance to biotic factors like MYMV, bruchids and abiotic factors like sensitivity to photoperiods, high temperatures, drought, waterlogging, pre-harvest sprouting and nutrient use efficiency' and response to irrigation must be accomplished. Breeding for efficient fixing of atmospheric nitrogen has to be priority for higher response to the applied nitrogen in recombination breeding. Mungbean is grown in different seasons and different cropping systems necessitating the development of varieties of different maturity span. The varieties for wheat based cropping systems of Indo-Gangetic-Plains should have crop duration of 60 days with average yield of 1.3–2.0 tonnes per ha.

### **Acknowledgements**

Authors are highly thankful to the Vice chancellor M.G.C.G.V. Satna, Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh for providing all the necessary facilities to write this book chapter and also acknowledge to ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur for their support.

**61**

India

**Author details**

Suhel Mehandi1

Indra Prakash Singh1

Madhya Pradesh, India

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*, Syed Mohd. Quatadah1

\*Address all correspondence to: suhelgpb@gmail.com

, Nagmi Praveen3

1 ICAR—Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

2 Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya, Satna,

*Mungbean (*Vigna radiata *L. Wilczek): Retrospect and Prospects*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85657*

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

3 Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh,

, Sudhakar Prasad Mishra<sup>2</sup>

and Namrata Dwivedi2

,

### **Conflict of interest**

There is no conflict among the authors.

*Mungbean (*Vigna radiata *L. Wilczek): Retrospect and Prospects DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85657*

*Legume Crops – Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security*

hybridization and irradiation of the F1 seeds.

with average yield of 1.3–2.0 tonnes per ha.

There is no conflict among the authors.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**11. Thrust areas**

inoculation.

**12. Conclusions**

higher interfamily and overall variances than the control populations. Such characters may be incorporated into the cultivated varieties by backcross method. Many a times the selected mutants have been released as new varieties as such for cultivation. Some varieties have been released in India including Pant Mung 2, Co 4, Dhauli, TAP 7, BM 4 and MUM 2 and some in Pakistan including NM 51 and NM 54. The latter two large seeded varieties resistant to MYMV have been developed by

Resistance to biotic stresses *namely*, mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV),

Pythium spp. There is variability in the virulence of MYMV in white fly for incubation of different isolate in mungbean plant for genes governing resistance/tolerance to the virus and tim vector. Gene transfer across species in Vigna group has been found difficult. Biotechnological tools are being presently used to overcome these barriers. In the field, spreader row technique has been found to be most effective in screening the materials. However, parental lines to be used in crossing and promising selections before their release for cultivation may she screened under artificial

Mungbean has the distinct advantage of short crop duration. This fact together with its atmospheric nitrogen fixing ability makes it an indispensable component in various cereal-based cropping systems. Mungbean has tremendous scope for horizontal expansion subject to some committed research inputs to overcome its various productivity bottlenecks. Proper evaluation and utilization of germplasm from secondary and tertiary gene pools by conventional and biotechnological tools immediate priorities. Incorporation of genes from its closely related species tor resistance or tolerance to biotic factors like MYMV, bruchids and abiotic factors like sensitivity to photoperiods, high temperatures, drought, waterlogging, pre-harvest sprouting and nutrient use efficiency' and response to irrigation must be accomplished. Breeding for efficient fixing of atmospheric nitrogen has to be priority for higher response to the applied nitrogen in recombination breeding. Mungbean is grown in different seasons and different cropping systems necessitating the development of varieties of different maturity span. The varieties for wheat based cropping systems of Indo-Gangetic-Plains should have crop duration of 60 days

Authors are highly thankful to the Vice chancellor M.G.C.G.V. Satna, Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh for providing all the necessary facilities to write this book chapter

and also acknowledge to ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur for their support.

powdery mildew (PM), cercospora leaf spot (CLS), root diseases caused by

**60**
