*Multifunctionality and Impacts of Organic and Conventional Agriculture*


infants, children, and adults, respectively. It was observed from the results that the dose ingestion to infants' testes exceeded the world acceptable limit of 1.0 mSv annually to the human-sensitive organs/tissues. The relatively higher dose to the testes and low-dose intake to the liver are justifiable from food nutrient absorption rate [15, 31]. The high radiological dose to the testes may justify the rampant rate of prostate cancer among young men which may be linked to accumulated effects of

*Economic Approach to Risk Analysis of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs)…*

Cost-benefit analysis in radiation protection is the projection of radionuclide injection effects of consumption of food product versus the nutritional benefits derived from the intake of the food at low individual doses, below the dose limits. Applying the direct relationship between dose and effect, the health impairment is directly proportional to the effective dose-equivalent occasioned by the consumption of milk product. The proportionality element is termed the risk factors [35, 36].

The committed effective dose to an individual assessed for three age groups (0–1 yr infant, 1–7 yrs children, and >17 yrs age group for adults) over a typical

The calculated committed effective doses to the various age groups are presented in **Table 8**. The obtained doses to infants and children were futuristic and a forecast of the probable dose to be committed to the individuals in the period of 50 years. The obtained dose values for adult over an average lifetime of 50 years for powdered milk and liquid milk were 9.3 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> and 9.1 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> doses, respectively. The committed doses obtained for children were 48.1 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> and 41.1 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> for powdered and liquid milk, respectively, while for infants it is

that constant ingestion of the milk products may result to accumulation of radionuclides in some organs of the human, with more radionuclide dose intake in powdered milk than consuming liquid milk. Moreover, the values gotten are well

**Table 8** presents the summary of the result of the risk analysis and health detriment effect values that may arise from the consumption of milk product

**Table 9** presents the population of the three age groups under examination in this study, obtained from the National Population Commission report [37], and the computed two-thirds (2*=*3Þ of this population used for the evaluation of the collec-

It is insufficient that the risk to individuals is set at an adequately low level in radiation protection, but the total detriment to the public resulting from exposure to radiation should be kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA) for health, economic, and social factors. The evaluation of the collective/total detriment to health for the public is the sum of detriments to the individuals making up the

CD ¼ 50 � ED (8)

, respectively. The result obtained points to the fact

the dose intake over time, which need further clinical investigation [34].

**4. Risk factors and cost-benefit analysis**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92279*

**4.1 Committed effective dose (CD)**

80.4 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> and 67.3 mS vy�<sup>1</sup>

within international standard.

tive effective dose equivalent.

**73**

**4.2 Collective effective dose equivalent**

samples investigated in this study.

lifetime of 50 years was computed using the formula:

#### **Table 7.**

*Average values of F for different organs or tissues [33].*

presents an optimized annual quantity of powdered milk to be consumed as 7 kg and 11 kg for children and infants, respectively, and 8 kg and 13 kg were recommended for children and infants, respectively, for liquid milk, while adult was not optimized because the value obtained was within the international permissible limit. Using the optimized quantity, the annual accrued values obtained for infants and children for powdered milk were 750.1 μSv and 755.9 μSv, respectively, while the accumulated values recorded for liquid milk were 717.6 μSv and 763.7 μSv for infants and children, respectively. The values recorded are well below the 800 μSv [26] yearly recommended permissible limit.

**Table 6** presents the result of calculated effective dose rate to the different human organs for consuming powdered and liquid milk.

**Table 7** presents the average values of F, for different organ or tissue uses in the computation of the effective dose rate of these organs.
