**3.8 The effective dose rate (Dorgan) in mS vyr**�**<sup>1</sup> to different body organs or tissues**

The annual effective dose to organ models evaluates the total amount of radionuclides consumed by man over a period of 1 year that goes to and accumulate in the different sensitive organs and tissues of the human body. The effective dose rate transported to a particular organ was calculated using the relation:

$$\mathbf{D}\_{\text{organ}}\left(\mathbf{mSvy}^{-1}\right) = \mathbf{O} \times \mathbf{E}\_{\text{D}} \times \mathbf{F} \tag{7}$$

The parameter *ED* represents the annual effective dose, *O* represents the occupancy factor with a value of 0.8, and F is the conversion factor of organ dose from consumption of the food.

**Table 6** presents the obtained computed values of the effective dose rate assimilated by the various organs evaluated, while **Table 7** presents the conversion factors and F values for the seven organs/ tissues. The computed dose values obtained in powdered milks revealed that the human testes (organ) received the greatest dose of average values of 1.1 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> , 0.6 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> , and 0.1 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> for infants, children, and adults, respectively; meanwhile, the dose received by the liver was established to be the least with average dose values of 0.6 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> , 0.4 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> , and 0.1 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> , respectively. The computed results obtained from liquid milk follow the same trend with testes recording the highest radionuclide dose ingestion with average estimated dose levels of 0.9 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> , 0.5 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> , and 0.1 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> for infants, children, and adults, respectively, and the least dose intake values of 0.5 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> , 0.3 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> , and 0.1 mS vy�<sup>1</sup> were detected in liver for

*Economic Approach to Risk Analysis of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs)… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92279*

infants, children, and adults, respectively. It was observed from the results that the dose ingestion to infants' testes exceeded the world acceptable limit of 1.0 mSv annually to the human-sensitive organs/tissues. The relatively higher dose to the testes and low-dose intake to the liver are justifiable from food nutrient absorption rate [15, 31]. The high radiological dose to the testes may justify the rampant rate of prostate cancer among young men which may be linked to accumulated effects of the dose intake over time, which need further clinical investigation [34].
