**3. IGF-I and anti-gene immunotherapy**

*Antisense Therapy*

**2.1 AFP**

hepatocarcinoma [4, 27].

differential diagnosis of tumors [4, 27–36].

brain malignant tumor—glioblastoma [12, 23].

clinical results obtained in the USA, E.U., China) [22, 23].

absent from either undifferentiated or fully differentiated cells [24].

**2. Oncoproteins in diagnostic: AFP and IGF-I**

in neoplastic glial cells, were used to prepare antitumor cell vaccines for therapy of

An efficient strategy targeting IGF-I was established by construction of vectors stopping the synthesis of this oncoprotein on translation and transcription levels: vectors expressing either IGF-I antisense RNA or IGF-I RNA forming RNA-DNA triple helix, respectively. The glioma cells transfected with these vectors, when injected *in vivo* in animals bearing tumors like glioma or teratocarcinoma or applied in clinical treatment of glioblastoma patients, induced an immune antitumor effect (CD8+) accompanied by increase of the median survival of patients (successful

AFP is present in normal and neoplastic developing tissues [1, 24–26]. The presence of AFP seems to be related to the stage of cell and tissue differentiation. AFP is

The localization of AFP was compared with that of another oncoprotein—serum albumin, SA. SA-mRNA gave a strong signal in differentiating structures as well as in undifferentiated cell clusters. AFP-mRNA was observed only in differentiating structures; this observation was especially useful in the clinical diagnostic of

During an experiment with teratocarcinoma-bearing mice injected intraperitoneally with J-125 radiolabeled SA and AFP, significant accumulations of both SA and AFP were demonstrated in the tumors, SA being about 3-fold higher than that of AFP after normalization to quantity of uptake in liver. In the case of comparatively studied neuroblastoma presenting only neuroblastic components (different from teratocarcinoma containing both neuroectoblastic and neuroblastic elements), the accumulation of radiolabeled SA and AFP showed relationship 1:1. External *in vivo* photo scanning confirmed this relationship of accumulated radiolabeled proteins in both studied tumors; the last observations were useful for

AFP may be used to advantage in radio tracing experiments, since this isologous protein is not expected to induce hypersensitivity reactions. On the other hand, and contrary to SA, the extremely low serum levels of AFP in adult individuals should minimize effects due to competition with endogenous protein. This makes AFP a good candidate for tumor biomarker by imaging techniques. The diagnosis and therapies of CNS tumors including neuroblastoma are always a subject of discussion

Another oncodevelopmental antigen, an insulin like-growth factor, IGF-I [20, 40–43], is present in glioma cells but absent in neuroblastoma cells [18]; neuroblastic cells express IGF-II [27]. These observations permitted to study separately, using IGF-I and IGF-II as the oncoprotein markers, glial and neural tumors [13, 15,

Comparative studies of AFP, IGF-I, IGF-II presence in neoplastic cells [3, 4, 18] have demonstrated that IGF-I constitutes an essential target for genetic testing. IGF-I, similarly to AFP, is involved in tissue development and differentiation, especially in the development of the nervous system [9, 15, 19, 20, 47–51]. According to

**60**

[36–39].

**2.2 IGF-I**

20, 40–42, 44–46].

### **3.1 Protein, translation and transcription levels**

To target an oncoprotein directly on protein level, the strategy of antibodies was explored. Cancers treated by use of antibodies was in general not efficient.

The treatment of any cancer, especially hepatocarcinoma, demands a permanent perfusion, *per vena porta*, of anti AFP antibodies. The arrest of perfusion has produced the reappearance of cancer. Similar observation has been made when using antibodies against growth factors.

The only possibility was to stop the synthesis of the oncoprotein on the translation or on the transcription level of the concerned gene, and directly in the cancer cells. This hypothesis and our knowledge of chemistry was an epistemological problem, pointed out by Mosquera "how to integrate the knowledge of chemistry with technique" [74].

As to glioma malignant tumor, glioblastoma (the mortality remains close to 100%), new or proposed therapies are based generally either on immune treatment or on immuno-gene strategies [75, 76]. In order to define new therapies, the different techniques for inhibitors [9], and the anti-gene strategy (either antisense, AS, or triple helix, TH, approaches) were investigated [61] (**Figure 1**).

The AS technology [77, 78] has permitted us to establish new and successful gene therapy strategies targeting glioma's growth factors [11, 79] and have now been introduced into clinical trials. Other recently introduced technologies include those of triple helix, TH [80–83], as well as potentially useful siRNA [84, 85] and miRNA (microRNA) [82, 83, 86, 87]. The role of 21–23 mer double-stranded RNA (siRNA) in the silencing of genes is strongly similar to that of the TH DNA mechanism, which also involves 23 mer RNA [81]. Whether or not siRNA technology or miRNA knockdown will supplant the AS and TH oligodeoxynucleotide approaches remains in question at this time [83, 85, 87–90]. AS methodology is currently being standardized to be largely used in clinical trials [18, 89].

As to TH strategy, the oligonucleotides are targeted to double stranded DNA containing polypurine-polypyrimidine sequences that readily form triple helixes. The studies of triple helix strategy have shown that an RNA strand containing a 23-nucleotide (nt) oligopurine sequence [80, 86, 87] may be capable of forming triple helix structures with an oligopurine-oligopyrimidine sequence of the IGF-I gene as well in cultured rat C6 glioma as in rat CNS-1 glioma, and in mouse PCC-4 cells [86]. Although we cannot exclude other mechanisms, triple helix formation remains the most plausible possibility for the inhibition of IGF-I gene expression [86]. The arrest of IGF-I synthesis suggests that the RNA strand, which forms the triple helix, has inhibited gene transcription in glioma cells.

#### **Figure 1.**

*Schema of technologies suppressing the expression of oncoproteins, including growth factors, GF: antibodies, antisense and triple helix. In antibodies technology, the GF expression is directly blocked by its ligand—antibody. In antisense technology, the end result is the inhibition of GF mRNA (sense RNA) activity by binding to the antisense RNA. In triple helix technology, the oligopurine third strand (23 bp) forms RNA-DNA triple helix with GF gene.*

### **3.2 Antisense and triple helix experimental studies**

In our experimental studies, we have shown that in IGF-I "antisense" and "triple helix" transfected CNS-1 rat glioma cells, PCC-4 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells, and in primary human glioma cells, changes in immunogenic properties and apoptosis occur. The induction of IGF-I triple helix forming structure, similarly to IGF-I antisense approach, was followed by enhanced expression of MHC-I and B-7 [5, 18, 90–95] and loss of *in vivo* tumorigenicity. An extensive lymphocytic CD8 positive infiltration 4–5 days after injection of AS transfected glioma, teratocarcinoma and hepatoma cells into the respective animal bearing tumors was demonstrated [11, 27, 96]. These properties were used for selection of human glioma cells that were used in IGF-I antisense/triple helix immunogene therapy [90] (**Figure 2**).

In this context, antigenic peptides presented by class I MHC molecules were necessary but, in general, not sufficient to stimulate T cell response. In the absence of B-7 molecule, MHC-peptide complexes could selectively inactivate T-cells [97]. (Although "triple helix" cells as compared to "antisense" cells show slightly higher expression of MHC-I and B7 there are no qualitative immunogenic and apoptotic differences between IGF-I "antisense" and "triple helix" approaches).

The absence of IGF-I synthesis in AS and TH transfected cells, could lead to a higher level of IGF-I receptor and hence to greater tyrosine kinase content [98]. There is a relation between the signal transduction pathway of tyrosine kinase and induction of B-7 molecules: enhancement in B-7 co-stimulation through a cAMP mechanism linked to tyrosine kinase of the CD 28 receptor has been previously reported [99]. Similar signaling through the tyrosine kinase activity of the IGF-I receptor shows that: tyrosine kinase activates IRS-1 (Insulin receptor substrate-1),

**63**

**Figure 2.**

*Oncoproteins Targeting: Antibodies, Antisense, Triple-helix. Case of Anti IGF-I Cancer…*

and then IRS-1 activates PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase) [100, 101]. This mechanism could be considered in the cytokine induced B7–1 expression demon-

In the AS and TH transfected cells, IGF-I-R activated by its ligand plays a very protective role in programmed cell death, and that this protection is even more striking *in vivo* than *in vitro* [103]. Apoptosis could play a specific role in our strategies; the phenotypic modifications due to apoptosis may explain the recognition of the transfected cells by the immune system like tumor-specific immunity mediated by CD8+ T [11, 98]. Apoptotic cells, in the context of MHC-I are recognized by dendritic cells activating lymphocytes T-CD8 [104, 105]. B-7 molecules can be included in this mechanism, because both MHC-I and B-7 molecules are necessary for T cell

*Schema of cancer immunogene therapy. The cells isolated from tumor biopsy are growing in tissue culture. The established cell line is transfected by vector of anti-gene type (antisense and triple helix IGF-I). The transfected cells, and originated apoptotic cells, are injected in proportion 50–50 ("vaccine") in the cancer patients. The presence of MHC-I and B7 molecules present in transfected tumor cells induce an immune response mediated by T lymphocytes. Moreover, APC cells also participate as shown in the immunogene mechanism. The activated T* 

While working on mouse hepatoma cells transfected by the IGF-I triple helix approach, we have observed a decrease of cytokines such as Il-10, which is a strong immunosuppressor [109], and TNF-alpha, which can act as a factor stimulating tumor growth [110, 111]. Moreover, we have found increased levels of TAP 1 and 2 in these cells. The relationship between the immune process, related to the MHC-I

In the clinical trial using anti-gene IGF-I therapy after subcutaneous vaccination, the subject developed peri-tumor necrosis; the tissue section bordering the necrotic tumor tissue showed infiltration of lymphocytes consisting of both CD4 and CD8 T cells [114]. Other results concerning peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of glioblastoma patients treated by IGF-I triple helix immuno-gene therapy show eminent changes in CD8 T cells, especially after second injection. There was also an increase in the percentage of CD8 with characteristics switching from CD8+

or HLA system [112, 113], and the apoptotic process is under study.

strated in fetal human microglia in culture [102].

*lymphocytes destroy as well the vaccine (transfected tumor cells) as a tumor.*

activation [16, 27, 36, 91, 106–108].

**3.3 Anti-gene clinical therapy**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82548*

*Oncoproteins Targeting: Antibodies, Antisense, Triple-helix. Case of Anti IGF-I Cancer… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82548*

#### **Figure 2.**

*Antisense Therapy*

**Figure 1.**

*with GF gene.*

**3.2 Antisense and triple helix experimental studies**

IGF-I antisense/triple helix immunogene therapy [90] (**Figure 2**).

differences between IGF-I "antisense" and "triple helix" approaches).

In our experimental studies, we have shown that in IGF-I "antisense" and "triple helix" transfected CNS-1 rat glioma cells, PCC-4 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells, and in primary human glioma cells, changes in immunogenic properties and apoptosis occur. The induction of IGF-I triple helix forming structure, similarly to IGF-I antisense approach, was followed by enhanced expression of MHC-I and B-7 [5, 18, 90–95] and loss of *in vivo* tumorigenicity. An extensive lymphocytic CD8 positive infiltration 4–5 days after injection of AS transfected glioma, teratocarcinoma and hepatoma cells into the respective animal bearing tumors was demonstrated [11, 27, 96]. These properties were used for selection of human glioma cells that were used in

*Schema of technologies suppressing the expression of oncoproteins, including growth factors, GF: antibodies, antisense and triple helix. In antibodies technology, the GF expression is directly blocked by its ligand—antibody. In antisense technology, the end result is the inhibition of GF mRNA (sense RNA) activity by binding to the antisense RNA. In triple helix technology, the oligopurine third strand (23 bp) forms RNA-DNA triple helix* 

In this context, antigenic peptides presented by class I MHC molecules were necessary but, in general, not sufficient to stimulate T cell response. In the absence of B-7 molecule, MHC-peptide complexes could selectively inactivate T-cells [97]. (Although "triple helix" cells as compared to "antisense" cells show slightly higher expression of MHC-I and B7 there are no qualitative immunogenic and apoptotic

The absence of IGF-I synthesis in AS and TH transfected cells, could lead to a higher level of IGF-I receptor and hence to greater tyrosine kinase content [98]. There is a relation between the signal transduction pathway of tyrosine kinase and induction of B-7 molecules: enhancement in B-7 co-stimulation through a cAMP mechanism linked to tyrosine kinase of the CD 28 receptor has been previously reported [99]. Similar signaling through the tyrosine kinase activity of the IGF-I receptor shows that: tyrosine kinase activates IRS-1 (Insulin receptor substrate-1),

**62**

*Schema of cancer immunogene therapy. The cells isolated from tumor biopsy are growing in tissue culture. The established cell line is transfected by vector of anti-gene type (antisense and triple helix IGF-I). The transfected cells, and originated apoptotic cells, are injected in proportion 50–50 ("vaccine") in the cancer patients. The presence of MHC-I and B7 molecules present in transfected tumor cells induce an immune response mediated by T lymphocytes. Moreover, APC cells also participate as shown in the immunogene mechanism. The activated T lymphocytes destroy as well the vaccine (transfected tumor cells) as a tumor.*

and then IRS-1 activates PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase) [100, 101]. This mechanism could be considered in the cytokine induced B7–1 expression demonstrated in fetal human microglia in culture [102].

In the AS and TH transfected cells, IGF-I-R activated by its ligand plays a very protective role in programmed cell death, and that this protection is even more striking *in vivo* than *in vitro* [103]. Apoptosis could play a specific role in our strategies; the phenotypic modifications due to apoptosis may explain the recognition of the transfected cells by the immune system like tumor-specific immunity mediated by CD8+ T [11, 98]. Apoptotic cells, in the context of MHC-I are recognized by dendritic cells activating lymphocytes T-CD8 [104, 105]. B-7 molecules can be included in this mechanism, because both MHC-I and B-7 molecules are necessary for T cell activation [16, 27, 36, 91, 106–108].

While working on mouse hepatoma cells transfected by the IGF-I triple helix approach, we have observed a decrease of cytokines such as Il-10, which is a strong immunosuppressor [109], and TNF-alpha, which can act as a factor stimulating tumor growth [110, 111]. Moreover, we have found increased levels of TAP 1 and 2 in these cells. The relationship between the immune process, related to the MHC-I or HLA system [112, 113], and the apoptotic process is under study.

#### **3.3 Anti-gene clinical therapy**

In the clinical trial using anti-gene IGF-I therapy after subcutaneous vaccination, the subject developed peri-tumor necrosis; the tissue section bordering the necrotic tumor tissue showed infiltration of lymphocytes consisting of both CD4 and CD8 T cells [114]. Other results concerning peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of glioblastoma patients treated by IGF-I triple helix immuno-gene therapy show eminent changes in CD8 T cells, especially after second injection. There was also an increase in the percentage of CD8 with characteristics switching from CD8+ CD11b+ to CD8+ CD11b− phenotype, an alteration that may reflect the enhanced activation of T cytotoxic cells in blood. Additionally, as far as prognosis of glioblastoma patients is concerned, the patients have survived between 18 and 24 months after the first diagnosis. Generally, patients with diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme, undergoing surgeries and radiotherapy, survive up to 14 months [22, 113].

Our phase I human cancer clinical trial based on the anti-gene, antisense approach, is in progress in the U.S.A, Thailand, Poland and China [107, 114, 115] and is in parallel with previously established approaches of glioblastoma treatment established by either Culver [116] or by Baserga [65]. Following the same approach, different antisense strategies to treat glioma tumors have been recently investigated [26, 31, 117, 118], especially in relation to glycogen metabolism [119] in glioma cells. (Malignant astrocytes present a high level of glycogen [55]). The therapy of gliomas using strategies of growth factors inhibition is in permanent progress. The inhibition of the IGF-I receptor using AS technology, and its signaling pathway has opened a door for experimental and clinical research in various tumors [9, 14, 15, 42, 62, 120, 121].
