**1. Introduction**

The Spitsbergen archipelago is located in the Arctic Ocean, between 76° 26' and 80° 50' north latitude and 10 and 32° east longitude. A geophysical feature of the arch. Spitsbergen is its location in the cusp region [1]—a kind of funnel on the dayside of the magnetosphere with near zero magnetic field magnitude, where, under certain conditions, the solar wind (CW) can burst through powerful plasma jets (**Figure 1**, [2]). The open field lines of the cusp is connected with those of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), which allows the shocked solar wind plasma of the magnetosheath to enter the magnetosphere and to penetrate the ionosphere [3].

The Earth's magnetosphere is a highly dynamic structure that responds dramatically to solar variations [4, 5], especially in the cusp region [6]. The upper atmosphere at high latitudes, associated with cusp, is also called the "Earth's window to outer space." Through various electrodynamic coupling processes as well as through direct transfer of particles, many geophysical effects displayed that there are direct manifestations of phenomena occurring in the deep space. In the polar cusps, the

#### **Figure 1.**

*Earth's protective shield: magnetosphere is that area of space, around a planet, that is controlled by the planet's magnetic field, whose shape is the direct result of being blasted by solar wind; a supersonic shock wave is created sunward of earth called the Bow shock; the magnetosheath is the region of space between the magnetopause (the outer boundary of Earth's confined geomagnetic field) and the Bow shock; the plasmasphere, or inner magnetosphere, is a region of the Earth's magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma; the ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere; the polar cusps are funnel-shaped regions in the frontal part of the magnetopause at geomagnetic latitudes of ~75°.*

solar wind plasma has also direct access to the upper atmosphere. The polar regions are thus of extreme importance when it comes to understanding the physical processes in the near space and their effect on our environment" [6].

In the cusp areas, the impacts of the solar wind (SW) on the Earth's magnetosphere manifest most strongly, and multiple phenomena originating as consequences of such interactions are referred to as space weather. It can be truly said that space weather affects everybody, either directly or indirectly. Space weather is defined by the U.S. National Space Weather Program (NSWP) as "conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems and can endanger human life or health" [7, 8].
