**4. The scare and complexity of antibiotic resistance**

The scale, to which antibiotic resistance has become a challenge in the treatment of the modern medicine, is scary to say the least. Every year, around 25,000 patients die of the infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria alone in the European Union [25]. In the United States alone, nearly 90,000 people die of hospital-acquired infections [26]. According to Jim O'Neill, >700,000 people die across the globe every year due to infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms [27]. In this study, it was predicted that by 2050, more than 10 million people will die because of multidrug-resistant bugs. Huge economic losses are also expected, leading to reduction of 2–3.5% in GDP; livestock production will fall by 3–8%, costing the world up to \$100 trillion [27]. Developing countries in Africa and South Asia will be the worst affected.

AMR is not only a problem of human medicine but also an ecological problem. Microbes have proved not only smarter than humans in developing new arsenal but also have armies in the form of biofilms. It looks like humans may be losing the arms race to bacteria, and the advent of the post-antibiotic era is imminent.
