**Author details**

Nina Hojnik\* and Borut Kovačič Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrinology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia

\*Address all correspondence to: hojnina@ukc-mb.si

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**53**

*Oocyte Activation Failure: Physiological and Clinical Aspects*

[9] Yanagida K, Morozumi K, Katayose H, Hayashi S, Sato A. Successful pregnancy after ICSI with strontium oocyte activation in low rates of

fertilization. Reproductive Biomedicine

[11] Vlaisavljević V, Kovacic B, Reljic M, Lovrec VG, Sajko MC. Results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection of single oocyte in 362 unstimulated cycles. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and

[12] Dozortsev D, Sutter PD, Dhont M. Fertilization and early embryology: Behaviour of spermatozoa in human oocytes displaying no or one pronucleus after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Human Reproduction.

[13] Yanagida K. Complete fertilization

[14] Pitsos MA, Nicolopoulou-Stamati P.

Online. 2006;**13**(6):801-806

[10] Shinar S, Almog B, Levin I, Shwartz T, Amit A, Hasson J. Total fertilization failure in intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection cycles-classification and management. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2014;**30**(8):593-596

Genetics. 2002;**19**(3):127-131

1994;**9**(11):2139-2144

2004;**17**(4):187-193

failure in ICSI. Human Cell.

DNA spatial distribution in unfertilized human oocytes by confocal laser scanning microscope. Molecular Reproduction and Development. 2002;**62**(3):368-374

[15] Kovacic B, Vlaisavljevic V. Configuration of maternal and paternal chromatin and pertaining microtubules in human oocytes failing to fertilize after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Molecular Reproduction and Development. 2000;**55**(2):197-204

[16] Rawe VY, Olmedo SB, Nodar FN, Doncel GD, Acosta AA, Vitullo AD. Cytoskeletal organization defects

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83488*

[1] Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo.

[2] Palermo G, Joris H, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem AC. Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet.

[3] Sousa M, Tesarik J. Ultrastructural analysis of fertilization failure after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Human Reproduction.

[4] Flaherty SP, Payne D, Swann NJ,

[5] Bhattacharya S, Hamilton MPR, Shaaban M, Khalaf Y, Seddler M, Ghobara T, et al. Conventional in-vitro fertilisation versus intracytoplasmic sperm injection for the treatment of non-male-factor infertility: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet.

[6] Esfandiari N, Javed MH, Gotlieb L, Casper RF. Complete failed fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection- -analysis of 10 years' data. International

[7] Flaherty SP, Payne D, Matthews CD. Fertilization failures and abnormal fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Human Reproduction.

[8] Liu J, Nagy Z, Joris H, Tournaye H, Smitz J, Camus M, et al. Analysis of 76 total fertilization failure cycles out of 2732 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Human Reproduction.

Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine. 2005;**50**(4):187-192

1998;**13**(suppl. 1):155-164

1995;**10**(10):2630-2636

Lancet. 1978;**2**(8085):366

1992;**340**(8810):17-18

1994;**9**(12):2374-2380

1995;**10**(10):2623-2629

2001;**357**(9274):2075-2079

Matthews CD. Aetiology of failed and abnormal fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Human Reproduction.

**References**
