**Author details**

the gene transformation by means of biolistic method in which most of them were down to optimization of scorable and selectable marker genes. Successfully transferred *gus* gene under the control of sunflower ubiquitin promoter in to small somatic embryos of Canino olive cultivar by biolistic method was reported by [44]. Afterward [45] bombarded the embryogenic tissues of Picual cultivar with three different plasmid constructs harboring *gus* gene under control of 35S, 35S with enhancer and sunflower ubiquitin promoters, and found that the

More recently, [41] introduced an optimized protocol for transformation of olive cv. Picual embryogenic callus with *gus* gene under the control of sunflower ubiquitin promoter and *npt*II selective gene (**Table 1**) and achieved 72.7% transformation efficiency for embryogenic calli.

The result of [46] study reported an optimized protocol for transient and stable transformation of mango "Carabao" and "Kensington Pride" by biolistic method. They successfully optimized different bombardment parameters (**Table 1**), whereas more than thousand foci were observed per each nucellar proembryonic masses bombarded with a μg plasmid DNA. Afterwards [47], genetically transformed somatic embryos of the three mango varieties Haden, Madame Francis, and Kent with pCAMBIA 3201 construct harboring *gus* and *bar* genes by particle bombardment. After 3 months, only 4% embryos of Kent variety survived, while the other varieties did not survive. They confirmed integration of *gus* and *bar* genes by means of *gus* assay and PCR.

Gene transfer to tropical fruit trees via biolistic method can lower GMO risk. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method to gene transformation and particular genome editing via CRISPR technique. So plants can be genetically modified with low risk for humans and the

The authors thank the IntechOpen Editorial Board for this publication and also would thank Mr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan for the invitation to write this chapter. There was no financial

ubiquitin promoter could significantly enhance the *gus* gene expression in olive.

108 Transgenic Crops - Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives

**7. Mango**

**8. Conclusion**

environment.

**Acknowledgements**

support for this study.

**Conflict of interest**

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Mousa Mousavi1 \* and Mohsen Brajeh Fard2

\*Address all correspondence to: m.mousavi@scu.ac.ir

1 Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
