Preface

Chapter 7 **Dioxins and Furans: Emerging Contaminants of Air 111**

Chapter 8 **Emissions of Inorganic Trace Pollutants from Coal Power**

Muhammad Zubair and Amina Adrees

Amir Hossein Matin and Ali Reza Rahmati

**Generation 127** Patricia Córdoba

**VI** Contents

Chapter 9 **Industrial Air Pollution Control 145**

Currently, one of the most evident and dangerous contaminants aspects for the health of all living beings is air pollution. To understand the severity of this environmental problem, in this book the authors make an in-depth review of different environmental aspects on moni‐ toring, quantification and elimination of emissions to the atmosphere, generated by the di‐ verse anthropogenic activities in large cities. Contributors of this book have made an effort to put their ideas in simple terms without forgoing quality. The principal objective of this book is to present the most recent technical literature to all interested readers, particularly those who don't have access to expensive books and journals. Students, researchers and fac‐ ulty members can employ this book for teaching purposes as well as for solving technical and industrial needs.

For a clearer representation about air pollution in big cities, in the beginning of every chap‐ ter there is a simple and convenient introduction to the basic principles and concepts han‐ dled in the area of emissions to the atmosphere from industrial and urban sources. In some chapters, the data obtained in the quantification and monitoring of gases and particles were employed in a mathematical simulation of the process.

Information about different topics in the field of air pollution is presented in this book. More specifically, the different methods to monitor of pollution in the atmosphere were analyzed; air quality modeling in indoor systems; inventory on emissions to air and new approaches to manage air quality and your effect on climatic change. This book covers the most recent concepts in the science of air pollutants and provides information on all the relevant compo‐ nents related to the problems of air pollution in urban areas and industrial zones.

I consider this book convenient for self-study by engineers and scientists in any discipline related to air pollution and also for all users who have some technical background. On the other hand, this book is meaningful to industrial and technical persons with some knowl‐ edge in the area of atmospheric pollutants. The chapters were elaborated to offer to the read‐ ers a quick practical overview of air pollution without entering into deep mathematical or theoretical considerations. I hope that this book will be useful to researchers working in the monitoring, control and depuration of air pollution.

#### **Jorge del Real-Olvera, PhD**

Environmental Technology, Centre of Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ) México

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Air Emission Inventory**

**Air Emission Inventory**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79928

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

(Elsom, 1987).

Ho Quoc Bang and Vu Hoang Ngoc Khue

Ho Quoc Bang and Vu Hoang Ngoc Khue

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79928

Emission inventory (EI) is a comprehensive listing of pollutants from all sources in a geographical area during a period of time. The development of EI database is very important to air quality management and helps us to find out main sources. In general, to develop a reliable EI for one specific area, the following steps are involved: (i) list the types of sources, (ii) determine the types of air pollutant emission from each of the listed sources, (iii) find out the emission factor (EF) for each of the concerned pollutants, (iv) determine the number and size of specific sources in the area, and (v) multiply the appropriate numbers from step (iii) and (iv) to obtain the total emissions and then sum up the similar emissions to obtain the total for the area. With emission inventory, we can define the main sources in the study area and have the best solution for clean air action. Besides, the result from EIs can be used to study in other sectors related to human health, economic loss from air pollution, etc. This chapter will describe the method for development of an

air emission inventory for developing and developed countries.

area sources, air quality management

**Keywords:** air emission inventory, Can Tho City, point sources, line sources,

In general, air pollutants are defined as substances in the atmosphere, resulting from the activity of humans or from natural processes, causing harm to humans, plants, or animal lives, or damage to man-made materials and structures, or changes in the weather and climate, or interfering with the comfortable enjoyment of life or other human activities

There are six common air pollutants (criteria pollutants) which are commonly found in air anywhere. These main pollutants should be included in the emission inventory (EI): TSP

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

#### **Chapter 1 Provisional chapter**

#### **Air Emission Inventory Air Emission Inventory**

Ho Quoc Bang and Vu Hoang Ngoc Khue Ho Quoc Bang and Vu Hoang Ngoc Khue

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79928

#### **Abstract**

Emission inventory (EI) is a comprehensive listing of pollutants from all sources in a geographical area during a period of time. The development of EI database is very important to air quality management and helps us to find out main sources. In general, to develop a reliable EI for one specific area, the following steps are involved: (i) list the types of sources, (ii) determine the types of air pollutant emission from each of the listed sources, (iii) find out the emission factor (EF) for each of the concerned pollutants, (iv) determine the number and size of specific sources in the area, and (v) multiply the appropriate numbers from step (iii) and (iv) to obtain the total emissions and then sum up the similar emissions to obtain the total for the area. With emission inventory, we can define the main sources in the study area and have the best solution for clean air action. Besides, the result from EIs can be used to study in other sectors related to human health, economic loss from air pollution, etc. This chapter will describe the method for development of an air emission inventory for developing and developed countries.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79928

**Keywords:** air emission inventory, Can Tho City, point sources, line sources, area sources, air quality management

#### **1. Introduction**

In general, air pollutants are defined as substances in the atmosphere, resulting from the activity of humans or from natural processes, causing harm to humans, plants, or animal lives, or damage to man-made materials and structures, or changes in the weather and climate, or interfering with the comfortable enjoyment of life or other human activities (Elsom, 1987).

There are six common air pollutants (criteria pollutants) which are commonly found in air anywhere. These main pollutants should be included in the emission inventory (EI): TSP

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

(PM10 and PM2.5), NOx (the sum of NO and NO<sup>2</sup> ), SO<sup>2</sup> , and CO. Other pollutants as VOC and CO<sup>2</sup> will be considered based on the characteristic of the study area and the aim of EI.

*2.1.3. Line sources (mobile sources)*

**2.2. Emission inventory methods**

*2.2.1. Point sources*

ume flow in m<sup>3</sup>

equipment, and continuous emission monitoring.

Example questionnaire for point source is shown in Appendix A

from these following sources, appropriate for production type and process:

Line sources, also considered as mobile sources, are vehicles, engines, and equipment that generate air pollution and that move or can be moved from place to place. Mobile sources are classified under two smaller sources: on-road and non-road sources. On-road sources include vehicles used on roads for transportation of passengers or freight, such as passenger cars, trucks, and motorcycles that may be fueled with gasoline, diesel fuel, or alternative fuels, such as alcohol or natural gas. Non-road sources include gasoline and diesel powered vehicles, engines, and equipment used for construction, agriculture, transportation, recreation, and many other purposes. For example, non-road sources include marine vessels, aircrafts, rail-

Air Emission Inventory

3

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79928

The aim of point source emission inventory is to give a comprehensive table sheet of sources, their characteristics, and annual emissions. A source which is large enough and contributes a huge amount of emissions can be considered as a point source, such as the hospital boilers, crematoriums, factory's chimneys, hotel boilers, etc. So the first step is to identify all sources in the study area and classify them into categories based on product characterization and combustion process. The list of these sources and emission data can be provided from local Province Officer and Department of Industry. For estimating emission, further process information from each source type needs to be provided directly from questionnaire or inspection. These data are specific for each category and also used for defining activity data, air emission process, and for input of dispersion model. The data normally require: factory type, size, geographical position (coordinates), number of employees, type of industrial activity: what is produced, combustion activities characterized by firing configuration, operating conditions, fuel specification, fuel consumption, raw material used in industrial/manufacturing process, storage of raw material, equipment age, height of stacks (and if available: inner diameter, vol-

/operating hour), hours of operation per year/season, air pollution abatement

The emissions for each source category are calculated using Eq. (1) and emission factors. Due to the lack of data monitoring from factories, emission factors are adopted. They can be taken

• EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook (CORINAIR): this technical guidance is for preparation of national emission inventories. The joint European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Environment Agency (EMEP/EEA) air pollutant emission inventory guidebook supports the reporting of emission data under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Long-range trans boundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and the European Union National Emission Ceilings Directive. It provides

ways, tractors, etc. They are presented as line shape on the map.
