*3.3.4 Chemical/physical impediments*

Inhibitions system limit the growth of the radicular system of a plant, affecting the root system of plants to explore a wider volume of soil both in dry and rainy seasons. In the rainy season, soil with any physical obstructions gets soaking wet suffocating the roots. While in the dry season, the volume of available water is reduced from the roots of a plant; as a results root system of a plant is deepening into the soil for searching available water [13, 16].

## **3.4 Interrelationship atmospheric demand: soil water supply**

The soil is a dynamic reservoir for available water for growth and development of plants. It is controlling the rate of water use by the plants and continuously in

**101**

DSRZT cropping system.

*Concept and Consequence of Evapotranspiration for Sustainable Crop Production in the Era…*

coincidence with the atmospheric demand. Since the atmospheric demand for water is directing by solar radiation, air humidity, and wind speed (**Figure 3**). Under situation C, in which ECA (by the evaporation from a Class A pan

*Relationship between corn relative evapotranspiration (ETa/ETc) and soil available water and atmospheric* 

a rate compatible to its needs even under the available soil water, as a result, to avoid drying of the leaves plants temporary close the stomata. Such a condition usually

**4. Interrelation between the intervening period of rice-wheat cropping** 

"Intervening period" is perhaps the most ignored period in the any crop rotation as scientists are trying to analyze the effects of applied treatments on the land and water productivity, which could be exploited for cultivating the intervening crops, viz*.* moong and other fodder crops [22–25]. Several investigations were carried out during intervening periods of wheat 2012–2013 and rice 2013; rice 2013 and wheat 2013–2014; wheat 2013–2014 and rice 2014 and rice 2014 and wheat 2014–2015 using time domain reflectometer, electronic tensiometer, soil thermometers (up to 0–10 cm) and mini-lysimeters to delineate soil moisture dynamics as affected by different establishment methods of rice and wheat sequence. Zero tilled wheat plots (ZTW) evaporates 7.6 and 12.8% more, retained 10.3 and 9.4% lower volumetric moisture content at 7.5 cm soil depths and reported to had 28, 18 and 18% and 21, 16 and 17% higher soil tension values at 10, 20 and 30 cm soil depths because of reported 2.2 and 2.1% higher soil temperature than the conventionally tilled (CT) wheat plots during intervening periods after wheat 2012–2013 and wheat 2013–2014. However, after rice 2013, ZT plots reported to conserve 4.0% higher moisture content because of reported 2.3% lesser soil temperature which evaporates 27.6% lesser after rice 2013. On an average, conventional tilled both wheat and direct seeded rice (CTW-DSRCT) plots had 14, 29 and 45% lower SWT values than the zero till wheat and zero till direct seeded rice (ZTW-DSRZT) plots after rice 2013. They also found that after rice in 2014, CTW-DSRZT plots conserved more soil moisture than ZTW-DSRZT, although an exception was found in CTW-DSRCT plots, but were nearly equally and effective for conserving the soil moisture CTW-

(high demand); the plants do not manage to extract water at

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83707*

(ECA)) > 7.5 mm day<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

**Figure 3.**

**sequence and ET**

takes place at the hottest hours of the day [13, 16].

*demand expressed by ECA (adapted from [16, 21]).*

*Concept and Consequence of Evapotranspiration for Sustainable Crop Production in the Era… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83707*

**Figure 3.**

*Advanced Evapotranspiration Methods and Applications*

drying periods [13, 16].

**influence the ET**

influenced the crop ET:

*3.3.2 Crop orientation*

the barrier [13, 16].

*3.3.1 Row to row or plant to plant spacing*

consequence an increase on ET [13, 16].

*3.3.3 Soil properties (structure and texture)*

more persistent crop ET rate for longer [13, 16].

into the soil for searching available water [13, 16].

**3.4 Interrelationship atmospheric demand: soil water supply**

*3.3.4 Chemical/physical impediments*

*3.2.5 Rooting depth of plant (depth of the radicular system)*

Rooting depth of plant is directly related to the volume of soil explored by the roots, aiming at meeting the atmospheric hydric demand. A superficial radicular system, for exploring a smaller soil volume, keeps the crop more susceptible to

The following crop management and growing environmental conditions are

Usually, intraspecific competition is found between plants/crops of the same species/types for their essential growth elements. A limited spacing between the plant to plant or row to row of the same species or different species of plants/crops, consequences in an intense competition for water, light, nutrient, etc., causing as a

Crops oriented perpendicularly to predominant winds tend to extract more energy from the air than those oriented in parallel. For regions with constant winds, a solution to prevent the stomata-closing would be the use of windbreaks. A windbreak reduces wind velocities and decreases the ET rate of the field directly beyond

Soil texture and soil structure are both unique properties of the soil that will have a profound effect on the behavior of soils. Both the properties influence the crop ET through influencing the water holding capacity of the soils. Clay soils have higher water holding capacity than sandy soils and are proficient of preserving a

Inhibitions system limit the growth of the radicular system of a plant, affecting the root system of plants to explore a wider volume of soil both in dry and rainy seasons. In the rainy season, soil with any physical obstructions gets soaking wet suffocating the roots. While in the dry season, the volume of available water is reduced from the roots of a plant; as a results root system of a plant is deepening

The soil is a dynamic reservoir for available water for growth and development of plants. It is controlling the rate of water use by the plants and continuously in

**3.3 Crop management and growing environmental conditions also** 

**100**

*Relationship between corn relative evapotranspiration (ETa/ETc) and soil available water and atmospheric demand expressed by ECA (adapted from [16, 21]).*

coincidence with the atmospheric demand. Since the atmospheric demand for water is directing by solar radiation, air humidity, and wind speed (**Figure 3**). Under situation C, in which ECA (by the evaporation from a Class A pan (ECA)) > 7.5 mm day<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> (high demand); the plants do not manage to extract water at a rate compatible to its needs even under the available soil water, as a result, to avoid drying of the leaves plants temporary close the stomata. Such a condition usually takes place at the hottest hours of the day [13, 16].
