**Author details**

#### Howard J. Mason

Address all correspondence to: howard.mason@hse.gov.uk

Health and Safety Executive, The Science and Research Centre, Buxton, UK

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**Chapter 5**

**Provisional chapter**

**The Potential Impacts of Soy Protein on Fish Gut Health**

Soy protein is the major source of protein as fishmeal replacement in fish feed because of its worldwide availability and low price. However, the presence of high carbohydrate content along with saponins, lectins, and phytates can have a negative impact on fish gut health. Based on the literature and our lab studies, dietary soybean meal can cause a dose-dependent type of distal intestine inflammation called enteritis in commercial fish species including salmonids. This leads to reduced absorptive capacity, increased mucus secretion, hyperpermeability, and leucocyte infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa, also inducing the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes expression, including Il-1β, Il-8, and Tnf-α. In addition, dietary soy may alter the composition and population of the gut microbiota via providing nutrients and energy that preferentially support the growth of some gut bacteria. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the effects of soy

**Keywords:** aquaculture, fish feed, soy protein, growth performance, enteritis,

Soybean meal (SBM) is one of the most commonly used alternative plant-based ingredients to replace marine derived fishmeal (FM) in aquafeed. Relatively, high protein content and favorable amino acid profile of SBM approaches the nutritional requirement of many cultured species [1–4]. In carnivorous fish species almost 20–40% fishmeal protein can be replaced by SBM protein without compromising growth, feed utilization performances, and

**The Potential Impacts of Soy Protein on Fish Gut** 

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92695

Vikas Kumar, Md. Sakhawat Hossain,

Vikas Kumar, Md. Sakhawat Hossain,

**Health**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92695

**Abstract**

microbiome

**1. Introduction**

Janice A. Ragaza and Marina Rubio Benito

Janice A. Ragaza and Marina Rubio Benito

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

protein on the enteritis and gut microbiota.

**Chapter 5 Provisional chapter**

#### **The Potential Impacts of Soy Protein on Fish Gut Health The Potential Impacts of Soy Protein on Fish Gut Health**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92695

Vikas Kumar, Md. Sakhawat Hossain, Janice A. Ragaza and Marina Rubio Benito Vikas Kumar, Md. Sakhawat Hossain, Janice A. Ragaza and Marina Rubio Benito

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92695

#### **Abstract**

Soy protein is the major source of protein as fishmeal replacement in fish feed because of its worldwide availability and low price. However, the presence of high carbohydrate content along with saponins, lectins, and phytates can have a negative impact on fish gut health. Based on the literature and our lab studies, dietary soybean meal can cause a dose-dependent type of distal intestine inflammation called enteritis in commercial fish species including salmonids. This leads to reduced absorptive capacity, increased mucus secretion, hyperpermeability, and leucocyte infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa, also inducing the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes expression, including Il-1β, Il-8, and Tnf-α. In addition, dietary soy may alter the composition and population of the gut microbiota via providing nutrients and energy that preferentially support the growth of some gut bacteria. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the effects of soy protein on the enteritis and gut microbiota.

**Keywords:** aquaculture, fish feed, soy protein, growth performance, enteritis, microbiome

#### **1. Introduction**

Soybean meal (SBM) is one of the most commonly used alternative plant-based ingredients to replace marine derived fishmeal (FM) in aquafeed. Relatively, high protein content and favorable amino acid profile of SBM approaches the nutritional requirement of many cultured species [1–4]. In carnivorous fish species almost 20–40% fishmeal protein can be replaced by SBM protein without compromising growth, feed utilization performances, and

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

gut health [5]. It is also well documented that high dietary soy protein inclusion resulted in lower feed intake, reduced weight gain, morphological changes of distal intestinal epithelium, and abnormal health condition of fish [6–12]. The challenges behind the high inclusion of soy protein in aquafeed includes the limiting amino acids methionine, presence of high carbohydrate level which negatively influences mainly carnivorous species, and the presence of different antinutritional factors (ANFs) [1–3]. To overcome the challenges, several techniques have been attempted viz. using different processing techniques (heat and enzymatic treatment, bioprocessing, fermentation, etc.) to improve the soy ingredient profiles like increased protein levels, decreased levels of ANFs, and enhanced digestibility [13–15]. For balancing amino acids profile, a balance mixture of soy protein with other plant ingredients protein and crystalline amino acids supplementation were also practiced. However, SBM of standard quality is used in carnivorous fish diets only at relatively low levels due to its negative effects on gut health in several fish species [16]. Different soy protein sources have been found to modulate many aspects of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health within fish species, including the histological composition, immune status, and the overall intestinal microbiota [17–23]. Intestinal morphology, gut-associated immunity, and microbial community are closely interacting with each other. The present chapter addresses the potential impacts of different soy protein inclusion in aquafeed on gut health condition of fish with special emphasis on gut morphology, soybean meal-induced enteritis (SBMIE), gut-associated immunity, and gut microbiota.
