Microbiome and Health

*Prebiotics and Probiotics - Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health*

[58] Zheng J, Li H, Zhang X, Jiang M, Luo C, Lu Z, et al. Prebiotic Mannanoligosaccharides augment the hypoglycemic effects of metformin in correlation with modulating gut microbiota. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2018;**66**(23):5821- 5831. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00829

[59] Faseleh Jahromi M, Liang JB, Abdullah N, Goh YM, Ebrahimi R, Shokryazdan P. Extraction and characterization of oligosaccharides from palm kernel cake as prebiotic. BioResources. 2016;**11**:674-695. DOI:

10.15376/biores.11.1.674-695

ijas.2015.3452

[60] Navidshad B, Liang JB, Jahromi MF, Akhlaghi A, Abdullah N. A comparison between a yeast cell wall extract (bio-Mos®) and palm kernel expeller as mannan-oligosac-charides sources on the performance and ileal microbial population of broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2015;**14**(1):3452. DOI: 10.4081/

[61] Yang Y, Iji P, Choct M. Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: A review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. World's Poultry Science Journal. 2009;**65**(1):97-114. DOI: 10.1017/S0043933909000087

[62] Faseleh Jahromi M, Shokryazdan P, Idrus Z, Ebrahimi R, Liang JB. In Ovo and dietary administration of oligosaccharides extracted from palm kernel cake influence general health of pre- and neonatal broiler chicks. PLoS One. 2017;**12**(9):e0184553. DOI: 10.1371/

[63] Zhao PY, Jung JH, Kim I-H. Effect of mannan oligosaccharides and fructan on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and diarrhea score in weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 2012;**90**(3):833-839.

journal.pone.0184553

DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3921

[52] Miremadi F, Sherkat F,

[53] Alles MS, Roos NM, Bakx JC, van de Lisdonk E,

ajcn/69.1.64

jn.110.128207

jhs.52.482

Stojanovska L. Hypocholesterolaemic effect and anti-hypertensive properties of probiotics and prebiotics: A review. Food & Function. 2016;**25**:497-510. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.06.016

Zock PL, Hautvast J. Consumption of fructooligosaccharides does not favorably affect blood glucose and serum lipid concentrations in patients with type II diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;**69**:64-69. DOI: 10.1093/

[54] Salinardi TC, Rubin KH, Black RM, St-Onge M. Coffee

diet, increase the proportional

men. The Journal of Nutrition.

[55] Kumao T, Fujii S, Asakawa A, Takehara I, Fukuhara I. Effect of coffee drink containing Mannooligosaccharides on Total amount of excreted fat in healthy adults. Journal of Health

[56] St-Onge M, Salinardi T,

[57] Uemara M, Fujii S, Asano I,

Hoshino H. Effect of "coffee mix drink" containing Mannooligosaccharides from coffee Mannan on defecation and fecal microbiota in healthy volunteers. Food Science and Technology Research. 2004;**10**(2):195-198. DOI: 10.3136/

mannooligosaccharides, consumed as part of a free-living, weight-maintaining

reduction in body volume in overweight

2010;**140**(11):1943-1948. DOI: 10.3945/

Science. 2006;**52**:482-485. DOI: 10.1248/

Herron-Rubin K, Black RM. A weightloss diet including coffee-derived Mannooligosaccharides enhances adipose tissue loss in overweight men but not women. Obesity. 2012;**20**:343- 348. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.289

**72**

fstr.10.195

**75**

**Chapter 5**

**Abstract**

gastric acid

**1. Introduction**

*Ma*ł*gorzata Ziarno*

Cholesterol Uptake and Survival

Scientific evidence exists showing that lactic acid bacteria, including the genus *Lactococcus*, have the capacity to bind and remove cholesterol. However, in many cases, in vivo and in vitro results are not unambiguous or reproducible; thus it appeared valid to conduct a study which would explain what factors determine adhesion and assimilation of cholesterol by *Lactococcus*. The study on *Lactococcus* bacteria under in vitro conditions in model digestive fluids may contribute to the explanation of the observed ambiguities. In vitro research has proven that *Lactococcus* is capable of removing free cholesterol under in vitro conditions in broths without bile salts, as well as in a simulated gastric fluid and in the conditions of simulated intestinal fluid. The amount of cholesterol removed by live cells of *Lactococcus* is directly proportionately dependent on the concentration of this substance, incubation temperature, count, and viability of cells. However, oftentimes these relationships are not linear. Under the conditions of model gastric fluid or intestinal fluid, the cultures of *Lactococcus* release portion of the previously bound cholesterol, independent of cell viability. The survival rate of *Lactococcus* cells in simulated gastric fluid or simulated intestinal fluid depends on the tested bacterial

of *Lactococcus lactis* Strains in

Fluids Simulating the Human

Stomach and Duodenum

culture and does not depend on the presence of cholesterol.

**Keywords:** cholesterol, *Lactococcus*, survival, gastrointestinal tract, duodenum,

Coronary ischemia, known as the coronary disease, is one of the modern civilization diseases, whose cause is coronary atherosclerosis (so-called atherosclerotic coronary plaque) in over 90% of cases, leading to their stenosis. One of the risk factors for the formation of atherosclerotic coronary plaques is hypercholesterolemia, in particular elevated concentration of LDL cholesterol. Scientific data exist indicating that consumption of fermented milk products reduces the level of cholesterol in humans. Some of the studies (on animals and human volunteers) indicate that the reduction of the cholesterol level in blood serum is caused by lactic acid bacteria present in fermented milk drinks. Numerous in vitro studies demonstrate that the capacity to reduce the cholesterol level may be exhibited not only by the strains with
