**Author details**

*Prebiotics and Probiotics - Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health*

more aging society.

**Conflicts of interest**

**Author contribution**

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

The authors contributed equally to this work.

systems. It is now clear that there is a bidirectional interaction between microbiota and nervous system, microbiota and immunity, microbiota and bones, and eventually microbiota and mitochondria. Probiotics are getting more and more attention due to the increase of evidence of their benefits in many degenerative disorders. It shows the capacity of microbiota to restore gut and vaginal and oral microbiota, thus attenuating various severe inflammatory responses. All these findings suggest that probiotics could play a role in clinical procedure and therapy approaches to decrease the risk of morbidity and mortality related to CNS diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and bone degenerations. The shared information presented on this chapter may also demonstrate that the traditional view on gut microbiota and microbiome has changed and may be eventually useful as a prospective medium for the delivery of superior, more precise, and personalized treatments in the achievement of better protective health benefits for a more and

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Ciro Gargiulo Isacco1,2,3,4, Andrea Ballini5,6\*, Danila De Vito6 , Angelo Michele Inchingolo2 , Stefania Cantore2 , Gregorio Paduanelli<sup>2</sup> , Kieu Cao Diem Nguyen1,2, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo2 , Gianna Dipalma<sup>2</sup> and Francesco Inchingolo2

1 Human Stem Cells Research Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

2 Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), School of Medicine, University Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

3 Pham Chau Trinh University of Medicine, Danang, Vietnam

4 International Institute of Gene and Immunology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

5 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

6 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

\*Address all correspondence to: andrea.ballini@uniba.it; andrea.ballini@me.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
