**6. Conclusions**

The phenomenon of autophagy has been hinted since decades ago and has been a hot area of research ever since the 1990s. Extensive studies have been done on the characterization, mechanism, function, and its association with a multitude of diseases including cancer. While a simple search of autophagy in Google may yield an insurmountable amount of information, its role, mechanism, and function in relation to cancer are still not fully understood and present multiple contradictions between and within different cancer types. The simplified literature review and the protocols enclosed in this book chapter will hopefully help researchers in further understanding the roles and mechanisms of autophagy in different cancer cell types, identifying new therapeutic targets and predictive/prognostic biomarkers, and developing diagnostic assays and therapeutic drugs.

PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase

Siew-Wai Pang, Noel Jacques Awi, Hooi-Yeen Yap and Sin-Yeang Teow\*

University, Jalan Universiti, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

The American Journal of Pathology. 1963;**42**(6):657-683

Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway

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[6] Klionsky DJ, Cueva R, Yaver DS. Aminopeptidase I of *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* is localized to the vacuole independent of the secretory pathway. The Journal of Cell Biology.

[7] Harding TM, Morano KA, Scott SV, Klionsky DJ. Isolation and characterization of yeast mutants in the cytoplasm to vacuole protein targeting pathway. The Journal of Cell

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\*Address all correspondence to: ronaldsyeang@gmail.com

SLS stone-like structure

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WB Western blot

WT wild type

**Author details**

**References**
