**Author details**

*Immune Response Activation and Immunomodulation*

MSCs are excellent candidates for therapeutic use as cellular therapies can potentially revolutionize the current pharmaceutical landscape. Emerging data suggests that MSCs have an immunomodulatory function, but thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex molecular interplay between MSCs and inflammatory responses will be crucial for exploiting MSC-based therapies in therapeutic applications. One important aspect is to delineate functional differences in tissue-specific MSCs isolated from different sources; current ISCT standardization does not include immune-related functional tests or more detailed molecular validation. Based on the evidence of several clinical trials, the safety of this therapy appears clear; however, the efficacy of such cell therapy is largely uncertain. The overwhelming positive results seen in preclinical animal studies have not yet been translated into clinic. In brief, there is still much to learn, explore, and optimize with regard to the interactions of MSCs in human pathological conditions. In the near future, based on current development and results, MSCs are expected to hold

tremendous potential to achieve clinical relevance in regenerative therapy.

The authors declare that they have no competing interest**.**

ISCT International Society for Cellular Therapy

HCELL hematopoietic cell E-/L-selectin ligand

TIMP-3 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3

VCAM1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

The authors would like to thank Mr. Manish Prajapati, for his expert help in designing the graphics for this book chapter. Authors would also like to thank Dr. Rituparna Chaudhari and Dr. Swati Midha for their critical evaluation of this book

**6. Conclusion**

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Abbreviations**

ESC embryonic stem cell ASC adult stem cell

NK Cells natural killer cells

INF-γ interferon gamma TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α

ECM extracellular matrix

VL4 very late antigen-4

NKT natural killer T cell

MMP matrix metalloproteinases

IL-1 interleukin-1

MSC mesenchymal stem cell

HLA human leukocyte antigen

BM-MSCs bone marrow-derived MSCs AD-MSCs adipose tissue-derived MSCs WJ-MSCs Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs

chapter.

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Sonali Rawat, Suchi Gupta and Sujata Mohanty\* Stem Cell Facility, DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

\*Address all correspondence to: drmohantysujata@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
