Meet the editors

Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi completed his master's degree in biotechnology at Meerut University, India. Dr. Tyagi completed his doctorate (PhD) in immunology/parasitology/infectiology with a special mention of "*Tres Honorable*" at the Biomedical Parasitology Unit, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France (2011), on a very challenging and demanding area of translational biomedical research. He developed "humanized" mouse model(s) to study asexual

blood- and liver-stage infection of *Plasmodium falciparum.* Dr. Tyagi worked at the University of South Florida as a postdoc fellow, and he used the developed humanized mouse to characterize the attenuated asexual blood-stage *falciparum* parasite as well as made efforts to develop human-liver chimeric mice using TK/NOG mice to study liver-stage infections of *P. falciparum*. Dr. Tyagi deployed his efforts to understand pathogen-differentiated dendritic cells and their implications in developing therapeutic interventional approaches for chronic periodontitis and other systemic inflammatory disorders during his second postdoc at Augusta University. Dr. Tyagi has been making efforts to understand the role of nanocarriers to develop therapeutic approaches to address cancer and systemic inflammatory diseases. Currently, Dr. Tyagi is working as a research scientist at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA, trying to understand and develop interventional approaches against colitis.

Prof. Prakash Singh Bisen earned his PhD in 1972 and was awarded a DSc in 1981. After his postdoctoral work, he worked as an assistant professor at Jabalpur University where he was promoted to associate professor. He then joined Bhopal University as a professor of microbiology in 1985. Prof. Bisen was a visiting professor at the Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, England, and the Department of

Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago. He was a US National Science Foundation Fellow at the University of California at Davis and Berkeley working in the Department of Bacteriology on DNA recombinant technology. Prof. Bisen was a WHO/UNESCO Fellow for one year at the Institute of Microbiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Budejovika, Praha, Czechoslovakia, and UNESCO/ UNDP/ICRO and Hungarian Academy of Sciences Fellow at the Institute of Plant Physiology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary. He is honored with a Life Time Professorship at Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India, the highest award of the university. He worked as the emeritus scientist (CSIBerkeleyR) at the Defence Research Development Establishment, Defence Research Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Gwalior, India, and is presently an honorary professor of biotechnology at Jiwaji University. Prof. Bisen guided 65 doctoral theses and has 300 publications to his credit. He has published six international patents in the United States, Europe, Japan, and India. He has been awarded 6 international patents and 12 are under consideration.

**Preface III**

Immune Response Activation **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Role of Cytokines in Immune System Activation **7**

**Chapter 2 9** Cytokine Profiling Plays a Crucial Role in Activating Immune System to Clear

**Chapter 3 39** Nucleated Red Blood Cells Contribute to the Host Immune Response Against

**Chapter 4 53**

**Chapter 5 79**

Immunomodulation **101**

**Chapter 6 103**

Multifunctional Activity of the β-Defensin-2 during Respiratory Infections

Immune Cell Activation: Stimulation, Costimulation, and Regulation of

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulate the Immune System in Developing

*by Sonali Rawat, Suchi Gupta and Sujata Mohanty*

Introductory Chapter: Immunity and Immunomodulation

*by José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo, Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero, Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado, Paola Trinidad Villalobos-Gutiérrez, Luis Guillermo Ramos-Gracia and Viridiana Elizabeth Hernández-Reyes*

*by Verónica Chico, Ivan Nombela, Sara Puente-Marín and* 

*by Dora Patricia Rosete Olvera and Carlos Cabello Gutiérrez*

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

Pathogens

Cellular Activation

**Section 3**

*by Rajeev K. Tyagi*

Contents

Infectious Pathogens

*María del Mar Ortega-Villaizan*

*by Suman Kapur and Anuradha Pal*

Therapeutic Interventions
