**A. Asia cruise ship age, size, and capacity data 1990–2020**

#### *Globalization of the Cruise Industry: A Tale of Ships Part II - Asia Post 1994 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88157*

*Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development*

Asia has long played a role in worldwide passenger shipping. Prior to the 1980s, Asia was part of international line voyages and seasonal world cruises and circles Asia/Pacific cruises for mostly North American and European sourced passengers. The cruises within the Japanese Islands were mostly corporate charters or targeted to national passengers. International cruise operations can be said to have begun in 1982 when the converted cruise ship ex-*Finnstar* began operations as *Pearl of Scandinavia* (12,456 grt/515 pax). Taking advantage of improvements in the US/China relations, the ship offered a way for Americans to visit several ports in China in comfort during the ship's 4-week round trip itinerary from Japan to Singapore. In 1988, following extensive renovations at Singapore's Sembawang Shipyard, she was renamed *Ocean Pearl*. Sold to Croisieres Paquet in 1994, she

However, globalization, in terms of the modern cruise industry and transformation of Asia into the industry's third global center, reached Asia in 1993/1994 with the start of Star Cruises. A Malaysian leisure/gaming company, Genting Group, took a North American business model and adapted it to Asian tastes. This was the first indigenous cruise line in Asia with state-of-the-art ships. Marketing itself to the local population in Singapore and Hong Kong with short 2–4-day cruises, Star provided numerous dining venues with a pricing model that unbundled the cruise fare into included and extra-cost specialty dining. As chronicled in this chapter, Star Cruises rapidly expanded through the mid-1990s until the 1998 Asia financial crisis. Star persevered through the downturn maintaining a presence in Hong Kong and Singapore. With the Chinese Government's attention to the cruise industry in the mid-2000s, the industry resumed growth. Meanwhile, to the south, the Australia-South Pacific market continued slow but steady growth. In 2004, Italian cruise company, Costa Crociere, establish an office in Hong Kong and in 2006 began operations out of Hong Kong and Shanghai targeting the mainland China market. Growth continued with both Star and Costa increasing their fleets and Royal Caribbean International returning to Asia. The period from 2013 through 2015 marked a turning point in the rate of growth. With the development of cruise ship construction capabilities in China, Asia is poised to move from the cruise industry's third global center to a possible rival for second place or even eventually first place!

**A. Asia cruise ship age, size, and capacity data 1990–2020**

AIDAbella 2008 2017 68,203 2050 Asia

Asuka 1990 1990 28,717 390 Japan

**Entry GRT PAX Market**

200 Tahiti/local passenger

& freight

1967 1998 16,254 1200 Singapore

1962 1989 4898 276 Thailand

1966 1996 8630 587 Indonesia

1976 1997 17,593 750 Indonesia

dwt\*

**built**

Aruna 2000 2000 3800

**9. Conclusions**

ceased Asian operations in 1995.

**Ship Year** 

Amusement World ex-ferry

Andaman Princess ex-ferry

Awani Dream II ex-Cunard

Patricia

Svea Jarl

Awani Dream 1 ex-Renaissance

Countess

**258**


#### *Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development*


**261**

*\**

*Globalization of the Cruise Industry: A Tale of Ships Part II - Asia Post 1994*

**Entry GRT PAX Market**

1972 1994 17,042 798 Australia

1990 1997 4077 100 Singapore

1993 2007 50,760 1529 Hong Kong

1973 1997 28,078 850 Asia

1992 1995 19,046 820 Singapore

1992 2012 50,760 1732 Asia

1988 2006 42,276 1472 Asia

1972 1998 25,000 610 Asia

1980 2000 25,000 950 Asia

1998 1998 75,000 1974 Hong Kong

Korea

North America

Korea

**built**

Shangri-La World 1961 1992 16,254 900 Singapore Shin Sakura Maru 1972 1972 19,811 552 Japan Song of Flower 1974 1990 8282 214 Japan/Western

Star Aquarius ex-Athena 1989 1994 40,000 1900 Singapore Star Pisces ex-Kalypso 1990 1994 40,012 2192 Hong Kong Sun Princess 1995 2013 77,499 2100 Japan Sun Viking 1972 1994 18,556 714 Asia/Western sourced Sun Vista ex-Meridian 1963 1998 30,440 1106 Singapore Sun Viva I ex-Renaissance V 1990 1997 4077 100 Singapore

SuperStar Aries ex-Europa 1980 2000 37,301 678 Asia

SuperStar Virgo 1999 1999 75,338 1974 Singapore The Empress ex-Sunward 1966 1994 10,558 410 Malaysia Voyager of the Seas 1999 2012 137,280 3114 Asia/China Wind Song 1987 1990 5307 160 Tahiti/Western sourced Wind Spirit 1988 1990s 5350 148 Tahiti/Western sourced *PAX: number of passengers in lower beds. Space is sold by cabins. Once the lower beds are sold, the cabin is essentially sold.* 

*DWT: measure of amount of cargo a ship may carry. Aruna is a passenger/cargo vessel. Therefore, her size* 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88157*

**Ship Year** 

Southern Cross ex-Spirit of

Sun Viva II ex-Renaissance

SuperStar Aquarius ex-Norwegian Wind

SuperStar Capricorn ex-Royal Viking Sea Kumgang 1999

SuperStar Gemini ex-Norwegian Dream

SuperStar Leo Norwegian Legend 2004

SuperStar Libra ex-Norwegian Sea

SuperStar Sagittarius *Pungnar-Ho*

*When all lower beds are filled, the ship is at 100% occupancy.*

SuperStar Taurus ex-Leeward

*is measured in DWT.*

SuperStar Gemini ex-Crown

London

VI

Jewel

#### *Globalization of the Cruise Industry: A Tale of Ships Part II - Asia Post 1994 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88157*

*Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development*

**built**

1989 1998

Nautican ex-Crown Monarch 1990 1994 15,271 560 Singapore New Utopia 1975 1975 13,789 650 Japan Nippon Maru 1990 1990 21,903 408 Japan Norwegian Joy 2017 2017 164,600 4200 China

Oriana 1959 1981 41,910 1750 Australia Orient Venus 1990 1990 21,884 390 Japan

Orion II ex-Renaissance Four 1991 2011 3990 120 Australia Ovation of the Seas 2016 2016 168,666 4180 China, Australia Pacific Aria ex-Ryndam 1993 2015 55,819 1260 Australia

Pacific Eden ex-Statendam 1994 2015 55,819 1260 Australia

Pacific Princess ex-R Three 1998 2003 30,277 688 Australia Pacific Sky 1984 2000 46,392 1200 Australia Pacific Star ex-Tropicale 1982 2005 36,674 1022 Australia Pacific Sun ex-Jubilee 1986 2003 47,262 1486 Australia Pacific Venus 1998 1998 26,000 720 Japan

Paul Gauguin 1998 1998 18,800 320 Tahiti/Western sourced

Quantum of the Seas 2015 2015 168,166 4180 China Radiance of the Seas 2001 2008 90,090 2146 Asia, Alaska, Australia Renaissance I 1989 1996 3990 110 North America ex-SIN Renaissance II 1989 1996 3990 110 North America ex-SIN Rhapsody of the Seas 1997 2008 78,491 2000 Asia, Alaska, Australia Royal Pacific 1965 1992 13,176 615 Singapore Sapphire Princess 2004 2008 115,875 2674 Japan Sea Princess ex-Kungsholm 1966 1981 27,670 714 Australia Sea Princess 1998 2012 77,690 2016 Australia

**Entry GRT PAX Market**

1989 5218 120 Japan

1982 2013 18,556 714 China

2003 2005 4000 106 Australia

1991 2006 69,845 1590 Australia

1997 2017 77,499 1950 Australia

1990 2010 70,000 1590 Australia

1989 2011 63,564 1470 Australia

1982 12,456 515 Asia

Indonesia ex-Au, NZ, UK, US

Worldwide

**Ship Year** 

Oceanic Grace *Oceanic Odyssey*

Viking

Orion

2013

Princess

Princess

Village 2

Village

Oriental Dragon ex-Sun

National Geographic Orion

Pacific Dawn ex-Regal

Pacific Explorer ex-Dawn

Pacific Jewel ex-Ocean

Pacific Pearl ex-Ocean

Pearl of Scandinavia ex-Finnstar

**260**


*PAX: number of passengers in lower beds. Space is sold by cabins. Once the lower beds are sold, the cabin is essentially sold. When all lower beds are filled, the ship is at 100% occupancy.*

*\* DWT: measure of amount of cargo a ship may carry. Aruna is a passenger/cargo vessel. Therefore, her size is measured in DWT.*

*Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development*
