**2. Research methods**

Pubmed and Google scholar databases were used to conduct literature searches. Searches were conducted with the terms: "Mentoring" or "Mentors" and "Coaching" or "Coaches" both with and without additional qualifiers "Graduate Medical Education", "Residents," "Residency," "Medical Students," and "Medical School." Titles and abstracts were reviewed for relevancy, and full text of selected articles were reviewed. References of articles were also reviewed for relevance and unique insight or perspectives on the topic.

#### **3. Purpose of mentoring**

The purpose of mentoring is to provide a nurturing relationship, where a more experienced person serves as a role model, teacher, and counselor to the mentee [6]. The goal of mentoring is to enhance the professional development of the mentee through the direct transfer knowledge and experience. The relationship may last for several years and evolve as needs for continued professional development evolves. Mentors provide guidance in a wide area of topics such as career development, political advice, and personal issues. The guidance should be provided in a "push" method, directly advising the mentee what they should do [7]. In addition to providing advice, mentors may help facilitate the mentee's career development by providing new opportunities. As a more senior professional, mentors often have connections within the field, which may benefit the mentee. Introducing the mentee to other significant players in the field and providing opportunities to attend networking events are some ways the mentors can use these connections to help the mentee's development [7]. Mentoring relationships are often bidirectional, as mentors should feel a great sense of fulfillment from helping others, but both parties can benefit from professional development. Professional development can lead to more efficient and effective workers, as well as opportunity for individual introspection, self reflection and self-renewal.

#### **4. Purpose of coaching**

Coaching is a type of inquiry-based learning that guides people to effectively use their existing knowledge and skills [8, 9]. The purpose of coaching is to focus on specifically defined goals, leading to an immediate improvement in performance. Goals can be skills-based, such as surgical technique, or more abstract goals such as personal skills (e.g., goal-setting, planning, proactive initiation) and interpersonal skills (e.g., communication, conflict resolution, and team development) [10]. To accomplish these goals, coaches should facilitate the coachee to find their answers or solutions. This is best accomplished in a" pull" method, where the coach asks questions to allow the coachee to develop skills in self-evaluation and critical thinking [7].
