**Abstract**

Cultural and ideological references in critical discourse analysis aim at reframing decisions with exploring the cultural as well as ideological perspectives of the familiar and idiosyncratic styles. The chapter focuses on the development of the ideological interaction theory for connecting the discourse with language and personal thought. The concern criteria are ideology and the other social components like people, status, economy, media, and politics with their connectivity to the global situational trends. Therefore, the chapter surveys the personal traits as psychology, sociological surrounding, and cognitive efforts for the development of social as well as cultural interaction with the perspectives of individual influences.

**Keywords:** ideology, interdisciplinary, social action, social interaction, influencing roles

## **1. Introduction**

Discourse, a construct with the personal thought which reflects personal behavior and attitude, is known as the ideology. The socially conditioned and socially constructed ideas are considered as ideology. Ideology connects peoples' perspectives from the different fields, such as, in the context of Nepal, political leaders may develop one kind of thought; on the other hand, educationists may develop educational thoughts differently. The perspectives educationist and the political leaders create the interactive situation in which they could discuss their thoughts and generate new thoughts. Fairclough [1] identifies transforming goals with the perspectives of textual and contextual variations; discursive practices may have significant ideological effects, which they can help to produce and reproduce unequal power relations among the different bodies of the community and how they represent the things and position of people. Van Dijk [2] states that ideologies are the ideas and belief system of a particular group of people defined from the multidisciplinary ways involving social, cognitive, and discursive aspects. He further argues that ideologies are acquired, expressed, changed, and reproduced in the society, mainly in different forms of discourses such as texts and talks.

According to Fairclough and Wodak [3], "CDA as discourse analysis which aims to systematically explore the often opaque relationship of causality and determination between discursive practices, events, texts and wider social and cultural structures, relations and processes; to investigate how such practices, events, and texts arise out of and are ideologically shaped by the relation of power and struggles overpower, and to explore how the opacity of this relationship between discourse and society is itself a factor securing power and hegemony."

Regarding the above definition, ideology refers to social forms of processes within which and employing which, symbolic forms circulate in the social world. Ideology is the study of "how meaning is constructed and conveyed by symbolic forms of various kinds" [4]. Another perspective suggested by Luke [5] in a different context claims that language gets power when influential people use it. There is a close relationship between language and power in several ways; societal and cultural frameworks shape the ideological interaction which is based on the language associated with power relationship.

In Refs. [6, 7], it is stated that ideology is perceived as a multidisciplinary approach which is the fundamental framework for organizing multiple ideological concepts and consumptions. Similarly, Van Dijk [6] focuses that ideologies usually control the thoughts of a social group which then represent the essential social characteristics of a group based on their identities, goals, norms, values, positions, and responses to other negative stances. However, Van Dijk [2] emphasizes the ideological consumption in both cognitive and social levels and proclaims that social cognition is a system with shared sociocultural knowledge by members of a specific group, society, or culture. On the other hand, cognitive functions are considered as the basic form of ideological properties that organize, monitor, and control attitudes of a social group and are accompanied by the experiences of a person [6].

Ideology represents the discursiveness by which it allows interaction in the correspondence of the social thoughts and responsibilities. As suggested by Van Dijk [8], ideologies are particular ways of representing and constructing a society that reproduces distributed power relations.

Ideology is not only associated with representing social reality. It reflects the social identity and construction of thought. Therefore, ideology imparts the presence of thoughts coordinated by social and cultural influences.
