Preface

This book presents research efforts in the field of heritage. According to the principle "Open Minds-Open Science", the approach of the researchers helps us to define, establish and affirm heritage in the cultural, social and political dimension of today's world based on what we have achieved and be specific to the realities of the 21st century. It shows us where we come from, where we are now, and in what direction we might be heading. It highlights both the differences between countries and regions and the mutual exchanges.

Culture is a common system of symbols that determines our perceptions, representations and actions. It regulates the relationships of its members between themselves and with the environment in which they live. Culture is a flexible system that makes it possible for individuals to integrate into the system and adapt to other cultural systems. Transculturality transcends the traditional boundaries of cultures in our time. The follower of a culture agrees to embrace both his own values and those belonging to a world different from his own. Cultural heritage is made up of many big and small things. It is preserved through books, artifacts, objects, images, photographs, art and oral tradition. Sometimes we can touch and see what a culture is, other times it is intangible. The cultural heritage consists of testimonies with historical, archeological, documentary, ethnographic, artistic, scientific, technical, literary, cinematographic, numismatic, philatelic, heraldic, bibliophile, cartographic and epigraphic value, representing material testimonies of the evolution of the natural environment and human interaction with it, of the human creative potential and of its contribution to the universal civilization.

From this point of view, this book, *Heritage*, is transdisciplinary and contains the most diverse topics related to culture, art, nature, science, diplomacy and cultural policy. The volume is structured in six sections and several chapters, as follows.

The Cultural Heritage section, chapter Significance in African Heritage brings a wealth of information about the African heritage. The Cultural Heritage Objects of Southern Benin: Plant Dyes and Exudates Used în Their Confection chapter contains results of research and analysis carried out in a multidisciplinary context and provides information on the techniques formerly used by artists and craftsmen as well as on the original materials used. The Promoting Territorial Cultural Systems through Urban Planning chapter presents a topic about promoting territorial cultural systems through urban planning. In this context cultural heritage it is shown as the driving force of development and the planning process must be able to construct shared development scenarios. The Historic Masonry chapter shows that different types of historical masonry that have remained over time are characterized by an adequate mixture of materials with low chemical reactions that are degrading due to environmental conditions. In the Cultural Heritage of a Three Centuries Old Wooden Church chapter the research team consider that archaeomaterials are a good solution due to high degree of compatibility with the original pigments and all materials. The Tropaeum Augusti (France) and Tropaeum Traiani (Romania): A Comparative Study chapter is focused on the long-term sustainability of these heritage monuments, which today represents the guarantee of the legacy of the Roman times and Latin times in the two European extremities, respectively the West and the East.

The Natural Heritage section, the chapter on What Does the Mass Accumulation of One Hundred Late Pleistocene Fallow Deer Skeletons (*Dama geiselana*) and Red Deer Skeletons (*Cervus elaphus*) from Neumark-Nord Reveal about the Cause of Death? is focused on the study of several disasters in different years, which have led to the mass occurrence of deer. The biochemical results obtained by absorption spectroscopy and RP-HPLC with UV-detection showed that pigments, and probably toxins, characteristic for cyanobacteria are preserved in the sediment.

The Intangible Heritage section presents immaterial treasures. The Thanking in Cameroon French chapter presents a study focused on the analysis of pragmatic and linguistic choices made by Cameroon French speakers when expressing gratitude in three different situations. The Research on Works of Historian Virgil Drăghiceanu Discovered in the Archives of Romania's Historical Monuments Commission chapter is a journey following the career of Virgil Drăghiceanu dedicated to protecting historical monuments. The Research of the Musical Folklore from Maramureș - Chioar Area chapter makes significant contributions through in-depth scientific research tools that gather numerous data on the evolution of Romanian folklore.

The Biotechnology section speaks about science. The chapter on A Survey of Physical Parameters and Natural Radioactivity in the Wooden Church of "Archangels Mihail and Gavril", Draghia demonstrates that one of the most important environmental problems is the global climate change and its impact on the historical monuments in their natural space of conservation. The Technical-Experimental Methods Used in Artwork's Expertise chapter presents a very interesting original topic about how the synergistic methodology used in this case defined as a sum of methods and procedures in the trans- and interdisciplinary field, introduces the notion of "health" in the field of restoration artworks, changing the paradigm in the sense of approaching as a whole. The Biotechnology and Cultural Heritage Conservation chapter presents an extremely interesting unique subject and an example that gave good results showing that the wells are colonized differently by several biological systems.

In the Artificial Intelligence section, the chapter Automation of the Expertise of the Roman Mosaic Arts in Constanta: Analytical and Statistical Models for a Fuzzy Inference-Based System talks about analytical and statistical models for an inference-based system use of analytical models for statistical evaluation of the morphological and chromatic characteristics that represent suitable metrics for making decisions in the field of cultural heritage.

In the Ideological Interaction, Public Governance and Diplomacy in Cultural Space section, the chapter The Ideological Interaction Theory in Critical Discourse Analysis chapter aims at reframing decisions with exploring the cultural as well as ideological perspectives of the communial and idiosyncratic styles. The chapter focuses on the development of the ideological- interaction theory for connecting the discourse with language and personal thought. The chapter Public Governance and Cultural Heritage: Exploring the Links between Culture and Social Indicators with the Principal Component Analysis shows how the approach and governance strategies have an impact on the cultural dimension. The Public Diplomacy in Cross-Border Cooperation chapter deals with complex studies of the Finnish case particularly migrants' inclusion analysis into local cultural and political

**VII**

environments as well as public diplomacy impact evaluation of an important "soft power" tool where migrants role is rather high. The Public Diplomacy: Functions, Functional Boundaries and Measurement Methods chapter shows that although public diplomacy performs such functions, it is not necessarily effective, especially in 'high politics' such as territorial security. The China's Use of Public Diplomacy in the United States: From World War II to the Twenty-First Century chapter examines China's use of public diplomacy in World War II. By sending personal representatives to the United States to lobby the American public on China's behalf, Chiang Kai-shek was able to negotiate favorable public opinion in the United States that

I hope that this book will be a useful contribution to the current and future

I would like to give special thanks to all the authors that contributed to this book: Kiriama Herman, Rotondo Francesco, Maldonado Noemi, Sasarman Patricia, Gramescu Ana Maria, Pfeiffer Deml Tekla, Mulo Farenkia Bernard, Udrea Florentina, Uta Vasilica Larisa, Tenter Ancuta, Schroder Verginica, Palla Franco, Ionita Silviu, Munteanu Ionela, Pitukhina Maria, Cao Wei, Burt Sally, and to all

> **Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu** Ovidius University of Constanta,

> > Romania

influenced US policy-makers.

members of their research teams.

generations of researchers in the field of Heritage.

environments as well as public diplomacy impact evaluation of an important "soft power" tool where migrants role is rather high. The Public Diplomacy: Functions, Functional Boundaries and Measurement Methods chapter shows that although public diplomacy performs such functions, it is not necessarily effective, especially in 'high politics' such as territorial security. The China's Use of Public Diplomacy in the United States: From World War II to the Twenty-First Century chapter examines China's use of public diplomacy in World War II. By sending personal representatives to the United States to lobby the American public on China's behalf, Chiang Kai-shek was able to negotiate favorable public opinion in the United States that influenced US policy-makers.

I hope that this book will be a useful contribution to the current and future generations of researchers in the field of Heritage.

I would like to give special thanks to all the authors that contributed to this book: Kiriama Herman, Rotondo Francesco, Maldonado Noemi, Sasarman Patricia, Gramescu Ana Maria, Pfeiffer Deml Tekla, Mulo Farenkia Bernard, Udrea Florentina, Uta Vasilica Larisa, Tenter Ancuta, Schroder Verginica, Palla Franco, Ionita Silviu, Munteanu Ionela, Pitukhina Maria, Cao Wei, Burt Sally, and to all members of their research teams.

> **Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu** Ovidius University of Constanta, Romania

**1**

Section 1

Cultural Heritage
