*5.3.1.1 Concepts*

*Early Childhood Education*

Black Toti is a children game played in South Africa; its popularity to other African countries is not known. A square is drawn with a small chord in each right angle of the square. Tins of different sizes are collected and put on top of each other so that they balance at the centre of the square to form a pyramid. There is also a ball to play with. It is important to note that the tennis ball is not a favourable one for this game as it runs too far. Most children prefer the plastic ball for this game, or they create their own with plastic bags. In some cases, they use the tennis ball.

The game is played by three players in a team with ten cans in different sizes and a plastic ball/homemade ball/tennis ball. One player must have a ball and stand along the border of the square and hit the cans with the ball. S/he starts running to the chords counting as she/he reaches each chord around the square. S/he has to run fast as to reach 24 in counting. At the same time, the opponents' role is to run after the ball to pick it up to hit other players who are trying to rearrange the tins. The runner has to count to 24 before the tins are balanced; if not, they lose the game; if

Umrabaraba is an African logic game that can be adapted according to the age group of players. A 3 by 3 square is drawn. One vertical and one horizontal line are drawn inside the square and meet at the centre. Two diagonal lines are also drawn

Only two players at a time play as opponents. Each player plays with three counters of the same colour different from the opponent. Each player takes turn to place the counter. It is each player's role to block the other player from placing the

they finish 24, the game is over, and they have a point as a team.

*5.2.2 Mathematical concepts and skills that can be learned*

**5.2 Black toti**

*5.2.1 Procedure*

*5.2.2.1 Concepts*

• Logic

*5.2.2.2 Skills*

• Develops sorting

• Time management

• Running fast

• Concentration

inside the square to meet at the centre.

**5.3 Umrabaraba**

*5.3.1 Procedure*

• Counting and balancing

**160**

