**3. Various approaches of educators: conservatism versus openness**

John Dewey (1052–059), an educational philosopher and thinker, was one of the individuals who strongly favored the open approach. He placed the learner at the center of the educational process, supporting learner-centered activities and an integrative curriculum [2]. Fereira [10] looked for open approaches and opposed conservative education, which he labeled "banking education," characterized by traditional roles in which the teacher teaches and the students learn, the teachers are in control and the students must obey, and the teacher determines the content of the lessons and the students accept it as a given. Fereira [10] attacked the present structure of schools in which the emphasis is on the achievement of the students and not on developing personalities. He claims that conservative schools as they exist today are becoming obsolete. In the future, learning will focus on independent activities of the student and greater individualization of learning [2].

Traditional, conservative education places the teacher at the center, and the students have to adapt themselves to the goals and values of society. These values are transferred from one generation to another by the principles of the tradition which symbolize continuity [11, 12].
