Commercial Application

**References**

100-107

[1] Bao GH. Spatial econometric

*Intellectual Property Rights - Patent*

[2] Jing H. Research on innovation efficiency of China's high-tech industryempirical analysis based on SFA method. Scientific Research. 2010;**3**:467-472

[3] Renqiao X, Li Q, Zhongwei C. Research on innovation efficiency of China's high-tech industry and its influencing factors. Management

[4] Chiu Y, Huang C, Chen Y. The R&D value-chain efficiency measurement for high-tech industries in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 2012;

[5] Kui-Zao D, You-Jin L. The Impact of marketization on innovation efficiency and industry differences-based on the empirical test of China's high-tech industry. Financial Research. 2013;

[6] Wu Yanbing R, Stock D. Knowledge function and production efficiency. Economics (Quarterly). 2006;**3**:

[7] Yanying C, Wenlu Y. Knowledge workers' entrepreneurial entry and R&D incentives for incumbent enterprisesevidence from China's high-tech industry. Scientific Research. 2012;**11**:1707-1714

[8] Xiaohong C, Li C, Shujuan M. Study on decision mechanism of imitation entrepreneurship based on high-tech industrial clusters. Scientific Research.

Theoretical construction and empirical analysis of intellectual property entrepreneurship: A multi-case study

[9] Chongming W, Yuanhao X.

Science. 2012;**5**:85-98

**29**(4):989-1006

**39**(5):4-16

1129-1156

2008;**4**:739-748

**116**

analysis of innovation efficiency and its influencing factors in China's high-tech industry. Economic Geography. 2014;**6**: based on high-tech enterprises. Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition). 2014;**3**:58-70

[10] Franco AM, Filson D. Spin-outs: Knowledge diffusion through employee

[12] Lester RH, Certo ST, Dalton CM. Initial public offering investor valuations: An examination of top management team prestige and environmental uncertainty. Journal of Small Business Management. 2006;

[13] Bin C, Xu W, Wang Q. Summary

[14] Bei J, Xiaoxia X. Entrepreneurship and innovation mechanism of high-tech industry in the United States and its enlightenment. Management World.

[16] Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods. 2008;**40**:879-891

[17] Griliches Z. Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature. 1990;**28**:1661-

of research on innovation, entrepreneurship and innovation cluster development [J]. Scientific and Technological Progress and Countermeasures. 2014;**9**:157-160

[15] Fried HO. Accounting for environmental effects and statistical noise in data envelopment analysis. Journal of Productivity Analysis. 2002;**17**:

mobility. The Rand Journal of Economics. 2006;**37**(4):841-860

[11] Aldrich H, Zimmer C. Entrepreneurship through social networks. The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. 1986;**22**:3-23

**44**(1):1-26

2001;**4**:63-70

157-174

1707

**119**

office

TTOs in PFSAU.

**1. Introduction**

**Chapter 9**

Universities

*Sebua S. Semenya*

**Abstract**

Activities Pivotal for the

Sustainability of Newly

Offices: A Case Study of

Established Technology Transfer

Publicly Financed South African

The activities with potential to sustain new technology transfer offices (TTOs) within the publicly financed South African universities (PFSAU) and elsewhere are poorly examined. The current chapter thus aims to lay out a series of simple strategic activities which the referred universities can execute to ensure the sustainability of their newly formed TTOs. Data were collected via strategic conversations with intellectual property (IP) experts, and active academic researchers from PFSAU. The activities considered vital for the sustainability of newly formed TTOs in this study encompass extensive training of TTOs staff, IP awareness within and outside the universities, compliance with relevant legislations, learning from well-established TTOs, establishment of IP and innovation policy as well as IP and innovation modules, collaboration with formal and informal sectors outside the universities, execution of applied and industry-driven research by academics and finally, protection and commercialisation of IP. Overall, efficacious executions and implementations of these activities as discussed in the present study will not only contribute towards the sustainability of newly established TTOs within PFSAU but also aid in achieving some of this universities' shared goals such as community engagement, research with economic impact, teaching and learning. However, some of the referred activities can be achieved either over a short or medium periods, but together are crucial stepping stones to continual achievements of long-term goals of

**Keywords:** intellectual properties, innovation, South Africa, technology transfer

Intellectual property (IP) is the application of the mind by any individual to develop or invent something new and original, either an innovative technology or invention that can be legally protected from being exploited by people
