Scope of the Series

Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by our identification of common, effective signaling pathways employed by nature to sustain life. As a main example, the cellular interplay between intracellular Ca2 increases and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral to coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters and modulating genetic expression. Further, in this manner, understanding the systemic interplay between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has now become more important than ever as human populations age and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilized for sustaining life. Altogether, physiological research enables our identification of clear and precise points of transition from

health to development of multi-morbidity during the inevitable aging process (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, age-related macular degeneration; cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address aims of resolve (1) Aging physiology and progress of chronic diseases (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling & (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products affects aging physiology

**Preface III**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 11**

**Chapter 3 25**

**Chapter 4 47**

**Chapter 5 65** Clinical Evaluation of Adenosine Triphosphate Disodium Hydrate (ATP-2Na)

Introductory Chapter: From Adenosine Triphosphate to Basic and Clinical Research in Light of First and Second Messenger Systems to Cellular Energetical and Other Regulatory Functions of Cells in Animals and in

Temperature-Dependent Effects of ATP on Smooth and Skeletal Muscles

*by Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz, Anaí Campos-Contreras, Patricia Juárez-Mercado,* 

*by Matthew Martin, Antja-Voy Hartley, Jiamin Jin, Mengyao Sun and Tao Lu*

Humans (with a Sample of Peptic Ulcer Disease Research)

Purinergic Signaling: A New Regulator of Ovarian Function

*Erandi Velázquez-Miranda and Francisco G. Vázquez-Cuevas*

*by Yo Nakamura, Yukiko Ban, Yoko Ikeda, Hisayo Higashihara* 

*by Ayrat U. Ziganshin and Sergey N. Grishin*

Phosphorylation of NF-κB in Cancer

*by Gyula Mózsik*

Contents

for Asthenopia

*and Shigeru Kinoshita*
