**Author details**

*Innovations in Cell Research and Therapy*

the therapeutic effect of these therapies.

studies.

**Acknowledgements**

Respiratorias (CIBERES).

**Conflict of interest**

**Abbreviation list**

studies. Several pathways, proteins, miRNAs, and lipids have been characterized

Several questions need further study, including determining the best source for the MSCs isolation, their large-scale production, and cryopreservation. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of MSCs and its conditioned media need to be studied for

The heterogeneity of patients with sepsis and ARDS is enormous, and establish a target population or the stratification of the patients will help us to determine better

There are many complications and concerns with using stem cells for cell-based therapy. The future may emphasis on the stimulation of other cells (growth factors, cytokines, and various other hematopoietic elements) that facilitate the formation or repair of endothelium and epithelium and the modulation of inflammatory cells. We need to await evidence that these cell therapies have a benefit in patients with sepsis or ARDS and evaluate the phase I and II results from the ongoing

This work was supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI12/02548) Cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), SEPAR (2016/096) and CIBER de Enfermedades

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

AE2C alveolar-epithelial type II cells ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome

EnPC endothelial progenitor cells EpPC epithelial progenitor cells ESC embryonic stem cells FGF7 fibroblast growth factor 7

IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1 IL-1Ra IL-1 receptor antagonist iPSC induced pluripotent stem cells MSC mesenchymal stem/stromal cells

GMP good manufacturing practice guidelines

NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin

TSG-6 tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein

PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure

PRRs pattern-recognition receptors

COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2

PGE2 prostaglandin-E2

TLR toll like receptors

and explain the mechanism of action of these cell therapies.

checking their efficacy in short-term and long-term follow-up studies.

**14**

Raquel Guillamat-Prats1,2\* and Antonio Artigas1,2,3,4

1 Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Tauli (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain

2 Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain

3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

4 Critical Care Center, Corporació Sanitària Universitaria Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain

\*Address all correspondence to: r.guillamat.prats@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
