**4. Conclusion**

EVs are a ubiquitous and dynamic population of cell-specific information. Functionally, they act as a class of membrane-bound cellular communication

particles that contain bioactive molecules. By exerting their effects through RNA, proteins, lipids and variably DNA, EVs implement various downstream phenotypic and genotypic effects across multiple disease states. By enabling contact-free cell to cell communication, EVs can modulate normal physiological homeostasis. Moreover, research has shown that certain subpopulations of EVs are responsible for initiating and maintaining certain pathological states. This is the "Yin and Yang" of vesicle biology which posits that EV populations harbor a functional endpoint specific to cell type and disease state. There are far reaching implication in utilizing EVs toward clinical endpoints focused on disease identification, progression, modulation, and ultimately cures.

In order for EVs to be effectively utilized in the identification, prognostication, modulation, and curing of disease, more work needs to be done with regards to understanding the nonlinear effects of EVs on target cells. Enter the need for novel and sophisticated statistical modeling techniques. The steadily increasing size of "omic" data sets, along with significant improvements in computational power and machinery, has caused resurging interest in machine learning. Consequently, this revival has led to algorithmic improvements in both predictive accuracy and precision. With the large amount of information that EVs provide, there is a unique opportunity to gain new knowledge from applying ML techniques to current problems focused on better understanding complex EV biology.

Our lab has already begun utilizing ML algorithms in the characterization of diseased subpopulations of EVs. Currently, most active areas of research in vesicle biology focus on characterizing EVs via isolation methods. Alternatively, we propose to analyze entire populations of EVs jointly, for we believe a wholistic view better captures the true nature and variability of a patient's disease process. Thus, our work is novel in this respect: we use predictive algorithms to identify subtle patterns within a given vesicle population. Here, we analyze how particular subpopulations interact and detail how these interactions influence the underlying disease process. Furthermore, we hypothesize that by monitoring a patient's entire population of EVs throughout the course of treatment, we can better predict the efficacy of the treatment. Preliminary results have yielded positive results with respect to categorizing diseased and healthy EV populations. Work now must be done to further characterize these subpopulations within the context of specific diseases, such as AML and other blood neoplasms. EV biology presents another avenue of utility for the field of machine learning. Concatenating large sets of EV information within interpretable ML algorithmic frameworks can lead us closer to the use of EVs as a predictive and useful clinical marker. Overall, the future is bright for both the fields of EV biology and ML.

**143**

**Author details**

Theo Borgovan1

Health, USA

\*, Lorin Crawford<sup>2</sup>

Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

\*Address all correspondence to: tb2182@columbia.edu

provided the original work is properly cited.

, Chibuikem Nwizu1

1 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert

2 Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University School of Public

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

and Peter Quesenberry1

*Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Regulators of Physiology and Disease*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86845*

*Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Regulators of Physiology and Disease DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86845*
