**2. Chronobiology subdivisions**

Some subdivisions of chronobiology are:


parameters for cases like cancer, including physical markers, ranging from a chemical tumor marker or a tumor temperature and/or the bone marrow's integrity hematological gauges, and to gauge cardiotoxicity, vascular parameters among others. The chronobiologically interpreted ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may provide information regarding the need for treatment of vascular variability disorder along with its timing. This information could be about the confirmation of the desired as well as undesired effects and this may avoid the status quo with misdiagnosed vascular variability disorder [3, 4].

4.Medical chronobiology: being an emerging field of medicine, its prime concern is with two important issues (a) chronopathology deals with the effect of circadian rhythms and the indices of disease; and (b) chronopharmacology deals with the study of the circadian variability of efficacy and toxicity of various treatments for a wide variety of medical conditions [15].

In chronopathology additional biological systems and disease conditions are reflected on, it has turn out to be evident that many conditions, not all, have an expected circadian variation in activity or severity. For example, blood pressure is lowest at 3:00 am; epidermal mitosis is maximal at midnight. The same seizes to be true for disease states: asthma is bad at early morning, and cerebral hemorrhage hit the highest point in the evening. Asthma at night is likely one of the most studied medical disorders in which there are perfect chronobiological stages. More is the climax of incidence of biological variables and disease conditions, more efficient treatment techniques can be developed.

In the field of chronopharmacology, not only pharmacological agents handle natural rhythms, but the sufficient range of medicines along with their timing of administration and other therapies such as irradiation may have reflective effects upon their value and toxicity. By the management of drug at the suitable time of the day, the therapeutic benefits may be maximized and the toxic side effects may be minimized. Circadian rhythms have been verified in rate of metabolism and inactivation, along with differences in blood volume and extracellular fluid volume, ensuing in variable degrees of attenuation of the drug, susceptibility of the target organs to the circulating drug.

All included with the consequence of circadian difference in reply to a precise prescriptions and treatments. There is credible indication of the suggestion of taking into consideration time of the circadian rhythm in management of drug from clinical areas such as use of anesthetics and antiepileptic drugs, cancer chemotherapy, and steroid administration. Some specific examples of circadian variation are: (a) evening medication with diltiazem is more effective than other dosage schedules, and (b) constant intravenous infusion of heparin has a maximum anticoagulant effect between 4:00 and 8:00 am, with a minimum effect at noon, indicating that the laboratory control studies should be performed at fixed times. Very small work has been carried out on the circadian considerations of drugs operated in the treatment of sleep disorders till now as narcolepsy is an exceptional example of a sleep disorder. At present data is not available to help in planning the timing of medicine to maximize therapeutic outcomes and minimize toxicity of the drug. This concept presents a demanding novel prospect for research of drug therapy in sleep disorders.

Chronomolecular biology is itself a very vast area of study, which actively discuss the mechanisms, approaches and beyond as biological clocks. Pertinent to it, chronobiology in its broader aspect are the findings that infradians—such as halfweekly, weekly, circaparasemiannual, half-yearly, para-annual, transyearly, yearly and even transtridecadal modulations of the circadian rhythm characteristics—are

**19**

*Chronobiology and Its General Perspectives DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86629*

prepare actively.

**Author details**

India

Mohammad Rayees Dar1

Jammu and Kashmir, India

\*Address all correspondence to: rayeesr21@gmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

now represented as having significant relations in disease and health. Infradians and some ultradians may be tied to the circadian system, as may be the development of a roundworm in the laboratory. In recent decades, chronobiology has exposed the truth of a temporal regulation system that synchronizes all body systems to environmental cycles, such as the day-night cycle. Hence, it is at present known that living organisms react proactively to environmental rhythmicity and for that reason

\* and Abdul Roof Rather2

1 Animal Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana,

2 Department of Physical Education, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal,

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

#### *Chronobiology and Its General Perspectives DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86629*

*Chronobiology - The Science of Biological Time Structure*

treatment techniques can be developed.

organs to the circulating drug.

therapy in sleep disorders.

parameters for cases like cancer, including physical markers, ranging from a chemical tumor marker or a tumor temperature and/or the bone marrow's integrity hematological gauges, and to gauge cardiotoxicity, vascular parameters among others. The chronobiologically interpreted ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may provide information regarding the need for treatment of vascular variability disorder along with its timing. This information could be about the confirmation of the desired as well as undesired effects and this may avoid the status quo with misdiagnosed vascular variability disorder [3, 4].

4.Medical chronobiology: being an emerging field of medicine, its prime concern is with two important issues (a) chronopathology deals with the effect of circadian rhythms and the indices of disease; and (b) chronopharmacology deals with the study of the circadian variability of efficacy and toxicity of vari-

In chronopathology additional biological systems and disease conditions are reflected on, it has turn out to be evident that many conditions, not all, have an expected circadian variation in activity or severity. For example, blood pressure is lowest at 3:00 am; epidermal mitosis is maximal at midnight. The same seizes to be true for disease states: asthma is bad at early morning, and cerebral hemorrhage hit the highest point in the evening. Asthma at night is likely one of the most studied medical disorders in which there are perfect chronobiological stages. More is the climax of incidence of biological variables and disease conditions, more efficient

In the field of chronopharmacology, not only pharmacological agents handle natural rhythms, but the sufficient range of medicines along with their timing of administration and other therapies such as irradiation may have reflective effects upon their value and toxicity. By the management of drug at the suitable time of the day, the therapeutic benefits may be maximized and the toxic side effects may be minimized. Circadian rhythms have been verified in rate of metabolism and inactivation, along with differences in blood volume and extracellular fluid volume, ensuing in variable degrees of attenuation of the drug, susceptibility of the target

All included with the consequence of circadian difference in reply to a precise prescriptions and treatments. There is credible indication of the suggestion of taking into consideration time of the circadian rhythm in management of drug from clinical areas such as use of anesthetics and antiepileptic drugs, cancer chemotherapy, and steroid administration. Some specific examples of circadian variation are: (a) evening medication with diltiazem is more effective than other dosage schedules, and (b) constant intravenous infusion of heparin has a maximum anticoagulant effect between 4:00 and 8:00 am, with a minimum effect at noon, indicating that the laboratory control studies should be performed at fixed times. Very small work has been carried out on the circadian considerations of drugs operated in the treatment of sleep disorders till now as narcolepsy is an exceptional example of a sleep disorder. At present data is not available to help in planning the timing of medicine to maximize therapeutic outcomes and minimize toxicity of the drug. This concept presents a demanding novel prospect for research of drug

Chronomolecular biology is itself a very vast area of study, which actively discuss the mechanisms, approaches and beyond as biological clocks. Pertinent to it, chronobiology in its broader aspect are the findings that infradians—such as halfweekly, weekly, circaparasemiannual, half-yearly, para-annual, transyearly, yearly and even transtridecadal modulations of the circadian rhythm characteristics—are

ous treatments for a wide variety of medical conditions [15].

**18**

now represented as having significant relations in disease and health. Infradians and some ultradians may be tied to the circadian system, as may be the development of a roundworm in the laboratory. In recent decades, chronobiology has exposed the truth of a temporal regulation system that synchronizes all body systems to environmental cycles, such as the day-night cycle. Hence, it is at present known that living organisms react proactively to environmental rhythmicity and for that reason prepare actively.
