**5. Conclusions**

Today, increased risk to hazards is manifested in cities. Climate change (flooding), earthquakes and terrorism, for example, pose new challenges to cities. Cities should be resilient to prevent social breakdown, physical collapse or economic deprivation. The Rockefeller Foundation report for the City Resilience Framework [29] describes city resilience as 'the capacity of cities to function, so that the people living and working in cities – particularly the poor and vulnerable – survive and thrive no matter what stresses or shocks they encounter'. It is stated that risk assessments and measures to reduce specific foreseeable risks will continue to play an important role in urban planning. Buildings also have an important role to play in this area. In land-scarce urban areas, more and more people are working and making their homes in high-rise buildings, which impose a challenge on safety issues if not well taken care of. If an earthquake or a fire strikes in a dense city, the consequences can be very serious. Energy efficiency and sustainability should—and can—go hand in hand with more resilient buildings.

In resilient cities, man-made infrastructure and buildings are well-conceived, well-constructed and safeguarded against known hazards. Building codes and standards should promote long-term robustness, flexibility to adapt in the future and safe failure mechanisms in the

It has been argued that design for resilience is to design for sustainability to reduce the environmental impacts and societal consequences of post-hazard repairs [30] (as referenced in [31]). Conversely, design for sustainability is to design for resiliency to prevent that the unlikely extreme events may impact the urban communities [31]. This study shows such an integrated approach for a holistic building design, considering safety, resiliency and sustainability, based on multiple conflicting criteria. The US building assessment scheme RELI has its own system of not only assessing all types of risks related to resilient buildings but also

It should be realised that building codes and standards often provide *minimum* requirements, focusing on safe escape of people. Standard EN 16309 for assessing sustainable constructions starts from this principle, by valuing 'above codes' performance as being more sustainable [33]. Accidental actions (earthquake, explosions, fire, traffic) are sustainable building aspects to assess. This shows once more the interlinkage of resilient and sustainable buildings.

The new EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) from 2018 may lead to some improvements towards holistic building design, taking both energy performance and hazards into account. It requires for renovation projects to address fire safety and risks related to intense seismic activity affecting energy efficiency renovations and the lifetime of buildings,

The above section clarifies that fire resilience also has a connection to sustainable buildings. The fire resilience of a building is often described as the ability of a building to withstand the effects of a fire, or it is often linked to the building's fire resistance properties. However, fire resilience covers more than the technical characteristic of being fire-resistant—it considers

as well as the issue of healthy indoor climate conditions (Art.2a § 7 and Art.7 § 5).

how the environment, the community and economy adapt and recover from a fire.

**4.2. Resilient and sustainable buildings**

54 Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream

starting from the sustainable building perspective [32].

event of a shock [28].

**4.3. Fire-resilient buildings**

Managing urban areas and resources is one of the most important development challenges of the twenty-first century. Moreover, efficient and resilient buildings play a major role as part of the urban infrastructure.

The development in European legislation of buildings and several initiatives of cities themselves are going in the direction of a more holistic and integrated approach that includes accidental hazards like fire as an integral part of sustainable buildings and energy renovation approaches.

[4] ROCKWOOL, BPIE. Upscaling Urban Regeneration—European frontrunner cases are leading the way. 2018. Available from: http://www.ROCKWOOLgroup.com [Accessed:

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[5] ROCKWOOL, Copenhagen Economics. Putting Renovation on the Agenda—Global perspectives of the value of renovation. Available from: www.ROCKWOOLgroup.com

[6] European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Inadequate Housing in Europe: Costs and Consequences. Available from: https://www.eurofound. europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef\_publication/field\_ef\_document/ef1604en\_0.pdf [Accessed:

[7] Fischer-Kowalski M, Swilling M, von Weizsäcker EU, Ren Y, Moriguchi Y, Crane W, et al. UNEP. Decoupling natural resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth. A Report of the Working Group on Decoupling to the International Resource

[8] Towards Circular Cities. 2017. Available from: www.eurocities.eu [Accessed: Feb 17,

[9] World Green Building Council. 2016-2018. Available from: http://www.worldgbc.org/

[10] European Commission. Level(s) Building Sustainability Performance. 2018. Available from: http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Efficient\_Buildings/docs/170816\_Levels\_EU\_framework\_

[11] Stichting Bouwkwaliteit. Assessment Method Environmental Performance Construction and Civil Engineering Works. November 2014. Available from: https://www.milieudatabase.nl/imgcms/SBK\_Assessment\_method\_version\_2\_0\_TIC\_versie.pdf [Accessed: Nov 12, 2015]. As referred to in Article 5.9 of the Dutch Building Decree 2012. Available from: https://www.bouwbesluitonline.nl/Inhoud/docs/wet/bb2012/hfd5 [Accessed: Jun

[12] E+C− Building Regulation France. 2018. Available from: http://www.batiment-ener-

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[14] BAMB. Buildings as Material Banks. 2015. Available from: https://www.bamb2020.eu/

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With an increasing demand for buildings in cities and an ageing and outdated building stock, there is a huge potential for urban regeneration to use the built environment as a key element towards achieving both environmental and social objectives.

Buildings have the potential to be part of the solution of today's and tomorrow's challenges in sustainable cities by taking a holistic approach. Extensive experience already exists across the world for how to build and renovate in a sustainable way to achieve high-quality, lowenergy-consumption and resilient buildings. The main task is to find ways to scale the existing activities and to develop new and viable business models around the challenges faced in managing urban areas and resources.
