**4. Conclusions**

Introduction of the concept Industry 4.0 can reduce losses and improve efficiency of the processes, because only comprehensive solutions can lead to real improvements. Developers of smart vehicles optimistically believe that autonomous vehicles on roads will improve the safety of the transport system, reducing the number of accidents due to the exclusion of the human factor.

At the same time, despite the existing positive experience of introducing intelligent technologies, there are still can appear situations when alleged improvements can lead to losses while vehicles production. There are also a lot of issues identified by analysts that could lead to critical situations while such vehicles operation.

First, it should be noted that operation of any complicated system is always closely connected to the risks. It is especially actual for transport systems. The complexity of transportation systems' risk analysis is due to the fact that an accident potentially may happen in any part of the route and the same events may lead to absolutely different consequences. That is why every decision for the existing transportation system's optimization should also be considered from the perspectives of risk management.

The most possible risks with the most drastic consequences can be grouped by types:

**1.** Technical:

In Industry 4.0, the system structure changes. The data collection level remains a separate dedicated level, as it is now, but the devices will be more intelligent and they will also significantly increase in numbers. All other functions will move to the high speed real-time network consisting of data processing center and cloud computing. The benefits of such a structure are as follows: (1) reduction of diversity of devices and processing hardware that are the most modern in the world; (2) separation of specific functions and (3) the use of augmented and virtual reality. All of it contribute to simplification of the management process, more efficient use of resources and, consequently, cost savings. This approach has not been implemented yet due to the low efficiency, reliability and throughput of communication channels between servers and data collecting devices. However, all these problems will be solved in new and

Industry 4.0 will be built in cyber-physical systems, which involves the integration of computation, networking and physical processes. Embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, with feedback loops where physical processes affect computa-

An example of such a system today is the CarTel project at MIT [27] where a fleet of taxis collects real-time traffic information in the Boston area. This information is combined with historical data to calculate the fastest routes for particular times of the day. Another example that you may be familiar with is the Smart Grid. One of its definitions, based on [28], is: "A modernized electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information in an automated fashion … to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of

Finally, an example for a factory [29] is changing systems so that the energy consumption in a vehicle assembly line is reduced when the line does not operate. Today, many production lines continue running during breaks and weekends. Consider laser welding technology that remains powered up over weekends, so it can resume quickly on Monday. This practice consumes up to 12% of total energy consumption of the assembly line. With Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems, robots will go into standby mode as a matter of course during short production breaks and power down during longer breaks. Speed-controlled motors that reduce the energy required to run machines will be widespread. Such changes will significantly reduce energy consumption and will be taken into account up front as part of Smart

Introduction of the concept Industry 4.0 can reduce losses and improve efficiency of the processes, because only comprehensive solutions can lead to real improvements. Developers of smart vehicles optimistically believe that autonomous vehicles on roads will improve the safety of the transport system, reducing the number of accidents due to the exclusion of the

future systems.

126 Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream

tions and vice versa.

electricity."

Factory design practices.

**4. Conclusions**

human factor.

	- **a.** The risk of technological disasters if there are cyberattacks or failures in the control system.
	- **b.** The risk of increasing negative impact on environment because of expansion of the vehicles' fleet.
	- **a.** Complexity of the movement algorithms for rough terrain.
	- **b.** The absence of a panoramic view of the streets, impeding the routing.
	- **c.** Increased requirements to information processing speed.
	- **d.** Complexity of decision-making in unusual situations.
	- **a.** The high cost of infrastructure changes.
	- **b.** The high price of the vehicles.
	- **a.** Ambiguity of legal responsibility for causing damage and when organizing transportation.
	- **b.** Loss of privacy.

#### **6.** Social:


All problems described above have to be solved now, before the widespread of intelligent vehicles. The main but not the only trends in solving these problems are as follows:

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In this regard, the processes of the vehicles' intellectualization should be considered from the point of view of each stage of the life cycle and the most dangerous situations should be highlighted for the subsequent countermeasures development.
