**2. Smart city as the main direction of urban lands development**

## **2.1. Intellectualization of the complex organizational and technical systems' management**

Intellectualization is currently the main trend of the economic and social development. This concept involves a reasonable and rational management and development of all fields of activities. Modern human civilization entered the third millennium and faced with global challenges. The need to solve these problems is formulated in "Millennium Development Goals."

Urbanization is one of the causes of most problems of our millennium. Today, there are 7.3 billion people all over the world, 54% of them live in urban areas. The world has experienced unprecedented urban growth in recent decades. As the population increases, more people will live in large cities. Many people will live in the growing number of cities with over 10 million inhabitants, known as megacities. Different organizations predict [1, 2] that the world population will reach 8.5 billion by 2030 and 27 megacities will exist that time. Analysts also say that there will be 9.7 billion people, and 66% of them will live in urban areas by 2050, with rapid urbanization of the less developed countries.

In information note, Achim Steiner (Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme) [3] summarized and presented the key findings and policy messages stemming from the Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6) assessments conducted for the six United Nations Environment Programme regions. Each of these regional assessments includes: (1) a review of regional priorities, (2) the state of the environment in the region and the main trends that can affect it in the future and (3) an analysis of the actions so region could become more sustainable. Poor air quality, climate change, unhealthy lifestyles and the disconnection between society and natural environments increasingly affect human health and give rise to new risks. Living within planetary boundaries will require fundamental transitions in energy, food, mobility and urban systems. Transition to an inclusive green economy should be based on viable ecosystems, cleaner production and healthy consumer preferences. There is no doubt that achieving a healthy planet and healthy people requires urgent transformation of the current systems of production and consumption that most contribute to environmental degradation and inequalities in human health and well-being.

At the same time, the development of technique and technologies provided the opportunity of quality transition not only in industry and economy but also in other spheres, including social. Innovation is not only about technology and new ways to deliver services but also about new ways of thinking and finding new opportunities for development. In this case, an important thing is the transition of the control to a qualitatively new level, which enables harmonization of all activity areas within the city and getting the synergies of such interaction.

According to John Wilmoth Director of UN DESA's Population Division [4], "Managing urban areas has become one of the most important development challenges of the 21st century. Our success or failure in building sustainable cities will be a major factor in the success of the post-2015 UN development agenda."

Since ancient times, cities are centers of ideas, culture and science. However, there are many urban problems (including congestion, pollution, noise, diseases, straining land and resources), which should be solved in such a way that allow people to develop socially and economically. This can be achieved in the case of rational urban planning because the high density of cities can increase efficiency and bring technological innovation while reducing resource and energy consumption.

Mobility is a key dynamic of urbanization, and the associated infrastructure invariably shapes the urban environment: the roads, transport systems, spaces and architectural solutions. By 2005, approximately 7.5 billion trips were made in cities worldwide each day. In 2050, there may be three to four times as many passenger-kilometers traveled as in the year 2000. At the same time, the freight turnover may also increase by more than three times.

Nowadays, due to urban sprawl, the distances between points, which generate and attract the passenger flows, have become longer, which leads to the greater dependence of citizens on individual motorized transport. Thus, traffic jams, congestion, pollution, noise stress and traffic accidents are reality of today's megalopolises.

#### **2.2. Smart City and smart mobility**

environment and the social sphere. The second is transition to "green economy," which is defined as low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive. These two tendencies can be realized by means of rational regulation of the physical, natural and human capital. Therefore, when developing new projects and technologies, it is necessary to consider social consequences of their realization. Potential economic effects of new machinery, and even entire production lines, can only materialize in the case of social efficiency and optimal interaction between man and technology. Moreover, with increasing complication of technical systems, which are becoming more intellectual, the probabilities of failure in such systems are increasingly dependent on erroneous human action. Therefore, the social responsibility of people, who design, create, operate and maintain complex intelligent engineering systems, increases. Thus, it is important to understand the interconnection between all stages of the life cycle of a complex engineering system and to develop management

**2. Smart city as the main direction of urban lands development**

**2.1. Intellectualization of the complex organizational and technical systems'** 

rapid urbanization of the less developed countries.

Intellectualization is currently the main trend of the economic and social development. This concept involves a reasonable and rational management and development of all fields of activities. Modern human civilization entered the third millennium and faced with global challenges. The need to solve these problems is formulated in "Millennium Development Goals." Urbanization is one of the causes of most problems of our millennium. Today, there are 7.3 billion people all over the world, 54% of them live in urban areas. The world has experienced unprecedented urban growth in recent decades. As the population increases, more people will live in large cities. Many people will live in the growing number of cities with over 10 million inhabitants, known as megacities. Different organizations predict [1, 2] that the world population will reach 8.5 billion by 2030 and 27 megacities will exist that time. Analysts also say that there will be 9.7 billion people, and 66% of them will live in urban areas by 2050, with

In information note, Achim Steiner (Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme) [3] summarized and presented the key findings and policy messages stemming from the Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6) assessments conducted for the six United Nations Environment Programme regions. Each of these regional assessments includes: (1) a review of regional priorities, (2) the state of the environment in the region and the main trends that can affect it in the future and (3) an analysis of the actions so region could become more sustainable. Poor air quality, climate change, unhealthy lifestyles and the disconnection between society and natural environments increasingly affect human health and give rise to new risks. Living within planetary boundaries will require fundamental transitions in energy, food, mobility and urban systems. Transition to an inclusive green economy should be based on viable ecosystems, cleaner production and healthy consumer preferences. There

considering this.

112 Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream

**management**

Innovation in transportation today is a very relevant topic [5–10]. More than ever before, we understand that transportation has a key influence on how societies form and develop over time. This is reflected in the concept of Smart City. Herewith, smart mobility is one of the major issues, because it ensures accessibility of workplaces and recreations. Moreover, smart mobility is also a part of production and other subsystems of the city economy.

If we consider Smart Cities from the point of view of economic branches, then it is possible to allocate smart energy, smart transport, smart construction, smart industry and so on. On the other hand, Smart Cities can be considered from the point of view of different city subsystems' objects: smart infrastructure, smart buildings, smart vehicles, etc. And, finally, technologies that improve people's lives (education, medicine, service) can also be "smart" (**Figure 1**). Whatever way of smart technologies' classification is used, it is impossible to organize processes of any area of economics without transport. It largely relates to the motor transport, because only it can organize door-to-door transportation of cargos and passengers. Therefore, smart technologies that provide design, creation and operation of smart transport in an optimal way and with minimal negative impact on environment and human are very important in transport sphere.

To make people use more sustainable mobility concepts, it is necessary to ensure possibility to reach any point of passengers' attraction by public transport. However, sometimes it is rather difficult to allow residents easy access to the public transport system; it is the so-called Last Mile Problem. To solve this problem, cities need to provide multi-modal transport systems. For example, bicycle sharing systems can serve as a good way to connect users to public tran-

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Transport system is one of the major intellectual systems in the Smart City. To ensure its sustainability and safety, the work is being done in three ways: smart infrastructure, smart vehicles and smart users (**Figure 2**). Solutions concern the creation of an efficient and integrated mobility system that allows for organizing and monitoring seamless transport across different modes, increasing the use of environmentally friendly alternative fuels and creating

One of the main areas of ITS, which is actively promoted over the past 15 years, is the implementation of intellectual vehicle. International program "Increased safety vehicle" is implemented. The first experiments of usage of onboard intelligent systems have shown that they are able to reduce the number of traffic accidents by 40% and to reduce

sit networks.

new opportunities for collective mobility.

**Figure 2.** Directions of transport system's development in Smart City.

#### **2.3. Smart transport as one of Smart City's development drivers**

There is a need for substantial changes in Europe's transport systems, as well as in the mobility behavior of people and businesses in urban areas. Addressing the mobility challenge calls for a paradigm shift in urban planning, encouraging compact cities as a way to increase accessibility and to reduce the need for transportation altogether.

To ensure population mobility means to provide access to all functional destinations, services, places of work, etc. At the same time, city residents should be able to address their needs using as little travel as possible. It can be completed in two ways: (1) reducing the needs to travel by implementing modern information and communications technologies (Internet of Things, Industry 4.0 and other concepts) and (2) reducing distances between places of residence and functional endpoints (the reasons for travel), so that the population could use more sustainable modes of transport, such as walking, cycling, etc.

**Figure 1.** Directions of intellectualization in Smart City.

To make people use more sustainable mobility concepts, it is necessary to ensure possibility to reach any point of passengers' attraction by public transport. However, sometimes it is rather difficult to allow residents easy access to the public transport system; it is the so-called Last Mile Problem. To solve this problem, cities need to provide multi-modal transport systems. For example, bicycle sharing systems can serve as a good way to connect users to public transit networks.

(**Figure 1**). Whatever way of smart technologies' classification is used, it is impossible to organize processes of any area of economics without transport. It largely relates to the motor transport, because only it can organize door-to-door transportation of cargos and passengers. Therefore, smart technologies that provide design, creation and operation of smart transport in an optimal way and with minimal negative impact on environment and human are very

There is a need for substantial changes in Europe's transport systems, as well as in the mobility behavior of people and businesses in urban areas. Addressing the mobility challenge calls for a paradigm shift in urban planning, encouraging compact cities as a way to increase acces-

To ensure population mobility means to provide access to all functional destinations, services, places of work, etc. At the same time, city residents should be able to address their needs using as little travel as possible. It can be completed in two ways: (1) reducing the needs to travel by implementing modern information and communications technologies (Internet of Things, Industry 4.0 and other concepts) and (2) reducing distances between places of residence and functional endpoints (the reasons for travel), so that the population could use more

**2.3. Smart transport as one of Smart City's development drivers**

sibility and to reduce the need for transportation altogether.

sustainable modes of transport, such as walking, cycling, etc.

**Figure 1.** Directions of intellectualization in Smart City.

important in transport sphere.

114 Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream

Transport system is one of the major intellectual systems in the Smart City. To ensure its sustainability and safety, the work is being done in three ways: smart infrastructure, smart vehicles and smart users (**Figure 2**). Solutions concern the creation of an efficient and integrated mobility system that allows for organizing and monitoring seamless transport across different modes, increasing the use of environmentally friendly alternative fuels and creating new opportunities for collective mobility.

One of the main areas of ITS, which is actively promoted over the past 15 years, is the implementation of intellectual vehicle. International program "Increased safety vehicle" is implemented. The first experiments of usage of onboard intelligent systems have shown that they are able to reduce the number of traffic accidents by 40% and to reduce

**Figure 2.** Directions of transport system's development in Smart City.

the number of fatal accidents by 50%. The transition from the creation of driver assistance systems to the development of semi-autonomous unmanned vehicles is a global trend, and it is explained by the desire of developers to ensure the sustainability and the safety of the transport system [11].

**3. Industry 4.0 and its role in implementation of the Smart City concept**

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The current state of technics and technologies allows us to create tools and methods not only for managing technical and organizational and technical systems but also devices for analyzing the state of human functional systems and affecting them. This makes it possible to correct and optimize human activity both indirectly, using the recommended loads and parameters, and in real time, which allows creating a comfortable working environment, as well as increasing the safety and efficiency of labor, increasing the efficiency of production systems

Real and virtual worlds are now beginning to merge in production that is why we are talking about "Industry 4.0"—the Siemens term for fourth Industrial Revolution. Increasing digitalization and networking is changing the entire industrial production chain, and the volume of data worldwide is exploding. Before analyzing and using the huge amount of data, systems that enable us to understand their content have to be developed. The first step is to get knowledge on what kinds of sensor and measurement technology can be used to collect necessary

The implementation of the concept Industry 4.0 (**Figure 4**) provides for the formation of cyberphysical systems (CPS), where all elements of the system are active objects that are involved in the exchange of information and make appropriate decisions. Continuous interchange of information in such cyber-physical systems is realized between its elements through the

The Road Map developed by the group "TechNet" [12] provides creation of new generation of the modern digital productions—"Factory of the future" (**Figure 5**) that is a completely new production environment that is formed by the network of people, things and machines connected to each other. The proposed strategy is based on assumption that replication and

Implementation of the "Factory of the future" concept will provide a significant reduction of the time placing on the market of the highly intelligent products by using digital design

Industry 4.0 is aimed at the process optimization, because it covers the entire life cycle, that is, each manufacturer is responsible for his product from the beginning of design and develop-

Classical methods of production organization mean that the flow method can be used only for large quantities of goods. Thanks to the new principles of production processes organization, it becomes possible to manufacture also single products in an industrial way. Industry 4.0, thanks to its flexibility and adaptability provided by cyber-physical systems, can help to realize the mass production of individual orders, which will reduce the price of

scaling of advanced production technologies will determine further development.

data and to understand operational principles of systems and devices.

**3.1. Industry 4.0 as the fourth industrial revolution and the prospect for sustainable** 

**development of automobile industry**

and product quality.

Internet of Things.

ment to disposal.

the product.

technologies throughout their life cycle.

However, it should be understood that the emergence of new types of vehicles with fundamentally new control systems could cause problems of security and interaction with other road users. It is especially true in connection with the development of the "livable cities" concept that is aimed at encouraging the use of non-motorized transport, such as walking or cycling. On the one hand, streets need to be adapted, with safe walkways, crossings and cycling lanes, as well as transport junctions need to be established to create safe connection points between different transport modes. On the other hand, it is necessary to identify potential risks of the use of autonomous vehicles, to predict the likelihood of the traffic conflicts (between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians and cyclists, first of all) and to determine the possible consequences. In addition, the ways to prevent risk situations and to reduce the severity of the consequences in case of risk situations should be developed.

Automobile mode of transport is the main one in urban lands, and in the case of unreasonable transport management, it can cause significant problems for other road users. In addition, road transport is the main source of negative influence on the environment, so it needs qualitative management.

The main idea of Smart City is that the city can be "smart" only if the management of all its subsystems is built according to the same rules. If we talk about road transport, then it actually means the management of the vehicle's life cycle as a separate component of the vehicle fleet (**Figure 3**), and at a higher level—the management of the vehicle fleet as a whole. Along with it, all processes at all stages of the life cycle should be intellectualized. At the same time, the orientation to customer needs should be one of the main factors that should be taken into account when planning and implementing these processes. The main directions are creation of the elemental base of intelligent systems and software development.

**Figure 3.** Negative impact on the environment throughout the life cycle of the vehicle.
